The Limits between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: What Do Magnetic Resonance Findings Tell Us?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Neuroimaging Findings in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
2.1. Structural Imaging Based on Conventional MRI Findings
2.2. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Findings
2.3. Resting-State Functional MRI
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADC | apparent diffusion coefficient |
ALFF | amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations |
ALIC | anterior limb of internal capsule |
ATR | anterior thalamic radiation |
BD | bipolar disorder |
BOLD | Blood-oxygen-level-dependent |
CC | corpus callosum |
CER | cerebellar network |
CO | cingulo-opercular network |
DLPFC | dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex |
DMN | default mode network |
DTI | diffusion tensor imaging |
DWI | diffusion-weighted Imaging |
FA | fractional anisotropy |
FP | fronto-parietal network |
fMRI | functional magnetic resonance imaging |
HC | healthy controls |
IC | internal capsule |
ICA | independent component analysis |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
MPFC | medial prefrontal cortex |
rGBC | restricted global connectivity |
ROI | regions of interest |
rs-fMRI | resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging |
SAL | salience network |
SCZ | schizophrenia |
UF | uncinate fasciculus |
VBM | voxel-based morphometry |
VLPFC | ventral lateral prefrontal cortex |
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Structure | Schizophrenia | Bipolar Disorder |
---|---|---|
Whole-brain volume | ↓↓ | ↓ |
Fusiform gyrus | ↓ | ↓ |
Parahippocampal gyrus | ↓ | ↓ |
Inferior temporal gyrus | ↓ | Normal |
Middle temporal gyrus | ↓ | ↓ |
Superior temporal gyrus | ↓ | ↓ |
Hippocampus | ↓↓ | ↓ |
Amygdala | ↓↓ | ↓ or ↑ |
Insula | ↓ | ↓ |
Fronto-insular cortex | Normal or ↓ | ↓ |
Anterior cingulate cortex | ↓ | ↓ |
Inferior frontal gyrus | ↓ | ↓ |
Medial frontal gyrus | ↓ | ↓ |
Middle orbital gyrus | ↓ | Normal |
Olfactory cortex | ↓ | Normal |
Rostral middle frontal cortex | ↓ | ↓ |
Thalamus | ↓ | ↓ or ↑ |
Nucleus accumbens | ↓ | Normal |
Putamen | ↑ | Normal |
Pallidum | ↑ | Normal |
Lateral ventricle | ↑↑ | ↑ |
Structure | Schizophrenia | Bipolar Disorder |
---|---|---|
Uncinate fasciculus | ↓ | ↓ |
Arcuate fasciculus | ↓ | ↓ |
Superior occipito-frontal fasciculus | ↓ | Normal |
Inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus | ↓ | ↓ |
Superior longitudinal fasciculus | ↓ | ↓ |
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus | ↓ | ↓ |
Anterior thalamic radiation | ↓ | ↓ |
Posterior thalamic radiation | ↓ | ↓ |
Cingulum bundle | ↓ | ↓↓ |
Corpus callosum | ↓↓ | ↓↓ |
Fornix | ↓ | Normal or ↓ |
Corona radiata | ↓↓ | ↓ |
Internal capsule | ↓ | ↓ |
Anterior limb of internal capsule | ↓↓ | ↓ |
External capsule | ↓ | Normal or ↓ |
Structures | Schizophrenia | Bipolar Disorder |
---|---|---|
MPFC | ↓ | ↓ |
MPFC-DLPFC | ↓↓ | ↓↓ |
MPFC-insula | ↓ | ↑ |
MPFC-VLPFC | ↓ | ↑ |
VMPFC | ↓ | Normal |
Hippocampus | ↓ | Normal |
Lingual gyrus | ↑ | Normal |
Paracingulate gyrus | ↓ | ↓ |
Thalamus | ↓ | ↓ |
CO | ↓ | ↓↓ |
FP-CO | ↓ | Normal |
CO-CER | Normal | ↓ |
FP-CER | ↓ | Normal |
SAL-CER | ↓ | Normal |
SAL-CO | Normal | ↓ |
Fronto-occipital—DMN/prefrontal | ↓ | ↓ |
Fronto-premotor—meso/paralimbic | ↓ | Normal |
Meso/paralimbic—VLPFC | Normal | ↓ |
Meso/paralimbic—insula | Normal | ↓ |
Global connectivity | ↓↓ | ↓ |
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Dobri, M.L.; Diaz, A.P.; Selvaraj, S.; Quevedo, J.; Walss-Bass, C.; Soares, J.C.; Sanches, M. The Limits between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: What Do Magnetic Resonance Findings Tell Us? Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030078
Dobri ML, Diaz AP, Selvaraj S, Quevedo J, Walss-Bass C, Soares JC, Sanches M. The Limits between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: What Do Magnetic Resonance Findings Tell Us? Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(3):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030078
Chicago/Turabian StyleDobri, Mirona Letitia, Alexandre Paim Diaz, Sudhakar Selvaraj, Joao Quevedo, Consuelo Walss-Bass, Jair C. Soares, and Marsal Sanches. 2022. "The Limits between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: What Do Magnetic Resonance Findings Tell Us?" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 3: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030078
APA StyleDobri, M. L., Diaz, A. P., Selvaraj, S., Quevedo, J., Walss-Bass, C., Soares, J. C., & Sanches, M. (2022). The Limits between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: What Do Magnetic Resonance Findings Tell Us? Behavioral Sciences, 12(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12030078