Examining the Flourishing Impacts of Repeated Visits to a Virtual Art Museum and the Role of Immersion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cultivating Flourishing through Art
1.2. Present Research
- Participants in eight virtual gallery conditions should show greater immersion than those in the non-gallery reading condition. Both slow looking and immersive mindset framing instructions should lead to greater immersion compared to no slow looking or immersive framing instructions.
- Participants in the eight virtual gallery conditions should show greater gains in flourishing than the non-gallery reading condition.
- Participants in the slow-looking condition should show greater gains in flourishing than those in the condition with no specific looking instructions.
- Participants in the three conditions with immersive mindset framings should show greater gains in flourishing than those in conditions with no immersive mindset framing. We did not have predictions regarding differences between the three immersive mindset framing conditions.
- Participants in conditions with both an immersive mindset framing and slow-looking instructions should show greater gains in flourishing than those in the condition with no specific looking instructions. We did not have predictions regarding differences between the three immersive mindset framing conditions.
2. Method
2.1. Initial Screening
2.2. Main Study
3. Results
3.1. Did the Experimental Conditions Differ in Immersion?
3.2. Does Viewing Art Improve Flourishing More Than Reading about Art?
3.3. Does Slow Looking Improve Flourishing More Than Not Slow Looking?
3.4. Does an Immersive Mindset Framing Improve Flourishing More Than No Immersive Mindset Framing?
3.5. Is There an Interaction between Slow Looking and Immersive Mindset Framing on Flourishing on Outcomes?
3.6. Exploratory Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Screening (n = 2000) | Invited (n = 1479) | Final Sample (n = 687) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | M = 44.11, SD = 15.87 Range = 18–84 | M = 41.87, SD = 15.35, Range = 18–81 | M = 47.31, SD = 14.96, Range = 18–79 |
Race | American Indian = 1.75% Asian = 7.60% Black or African American = 13.04% Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin = 5.50% Middle Eastern or North African = 0.75% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander = 0.10% White = 76.51% Other = 0.90% | American Indian = 1.96% Asian = 7.57% Black or African American = 11.97% Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin = 6.29% Middle Eastern or North African = 0.81% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander = 0.07% White = 77.42% Other = 0.74% | American Indian = 1.60% Asian = 6.70% Black or African American = 11.79% Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin = 4.51% Middle Eastern or North African = 0.87% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander = 0.00% White = 80.06% Other = 0.73% |
Gender | Female = 50.07% Male = 47.73%, Other = 2.20% | Female = 46.18% Male = 51.12% Other = 2.70% | Female = 50.85% Male = 47.60% Other = 1.46% |
Education | Did not finish HS = 0.50% HS = 10.09% College, no degree = 20.49% Associates = 9.65% Bachelors = 38.53% Masters = 16.39% Doctoral/Professional = 4.20% | Did not finish HS = 0.68% HS = 10.68% College, no degree = 21.77% Associates = 10.01% Bachelors = 37.12% Masters = 15.48% Doctoral/Professional = 4.19% | Did not finish HS = 0.00% HS = 9.61% College, no degree = 20.38% Associates = 9.46% Bachelors = 36.39% Masters = 19.36% Doctoral/Professional = 4.80% |
Condition | Instructions |
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No Slow Looking + No Framing n = 89 | When you enter the gallery, take a moment to become familiar with the navigation tools. While in the gallery, spend your time looking at whichever artworks you would like. Please continue looking at art in the gallery for the full 15 min. The survey will automatically advance once the viewing period is finished. |
Slow Looking + No Framing n = 63 | For the first 5 min of your visit, take a moment to become familiar with the navigation tools, look around the rooms, and select a single artwork you would like to look at more closely. Adjust your view of this work of art so that you are close to the work and see only this artwork. When you are close to the artwork you’ve selected, click your mouse to enlarge the artwork. Spend the next 10 min looking at this work of art. The survey will automatically advance once the viewing period is finished. |
No Slow Looking + Mindful Framing n = 94 | As you view the art, engage in mindful looking. Focus your awareness on the moment—notice your emotions, how you are feeling, and the thoughts that are passing through your mind. Let the outside world go, and be present in the moment. When you enter the gallery and view the art, take note of your reactions to it. Do your emotions change? What thoughts cross your mind? Just notice, without judgement, what you are seeing, feeling, and thinking. |
No Slow Looking + Curious Framing n = 85 | As you view the art, engage in curious looking. Notice the details of the art. What colors and lines do you see? What questions do you have about the art? How do you interpret what is being depicted in the art? Why do you interpret it in that way? Is there anything surprising about what you see? Why is it surprising? Be curious about what you are seeing. |
No Slow Looking + Social Framing n = 84 | As you view the art, consider how the art connects to important relationships in your life. You may even choose to focus on one specific relationship. Which relationship do you think of as you look at the art? Why does the art resonate with this relationship? Does the art call up certain emotions or thoughts about your relationship? Consider as vividly as you can how the art connects with your relationship. |
Slow Looking + Mindful Framing n = 63 | For the first 5 min of your visit, take a moment to become familiar with the navigation tools, look around the rooms, and select a single artwork you would like to look at more closely. Adjust your view of this work of art so that you are close to the work and see only this artwork. When you are close to the artwork you’ve selected, click your mouse to enlarge the artwork. Spend the next 10 min looking at this work of art. As you view the art, engage in mindful looking. Focus your awareness on the moment—notice your emotions, how you are feeling, and the thoughts that are passing through your mind. Let the outside world go, and be present in the moment. When you enter the gallery and view the art, take note of your reactions to it. Do your emotions change? What thoughts cross your mind? Just notice, without judgement, what you are seeing, feeling, and thinking. The survey will automatically advance once the viewing period is finished. |
Slow Looking + Curious Framing n = 55 | For the first 5 min of your visit, take a moment to become familiar with the navigation tools, look around the rooms, and select a single artwork you would like to look at more closely. Adjust your view of this work of art so that you are close to the work and see only this artwork. When you are close to the artwork you’ve selected, click your mouse to enlarge the artwork. Spend the next 10 min looking at this work of art. As you view the art, engage in curious looking. Notice the details of the art. What colors and lines do you see? What questions do you have about the art? How do you interpret what is being depicted in the art? Why do you interpret it in that way? Is there anything surprising about what you see? Why is it surprising? Be curious about what you are seeing. The survey will automatically advance once the viewing period is finished. |
Slow Looking + Social Framing n = 54 | For the first 5 min of your visit, take a moment to become familiar with the navigation tools, look around the rooms, and select a single artwork you would like to look at more closely. Adjust your view of this work of art so that you are close to the work and see only this artwork. When you are close to the artwork you’ve selected, click your mouse to enlarge the artwork. Spend the next 10 min looking at this work of art. As you view the art, consider how the art connects to important relationships in your life. You may even choose to focus on one specific relationship. Which relationship do you think of as you look at the art? Why does the art resonate with this relationship? Does the art call up certain emotions or thoughts about your relationship? Consider as vividly as you can how the art connects with your relationship. The survey will automatically advance once the viewing period is finished. |
Non-Gallery Reading Control n = 100 | Readings focused on the topics of abstract expressionism, gothic art, impressionism, and rococo. Readings did not contain any art images. To view the narratives please see:https://osf.io/r7pgy/ |
Estimate (b) | SE | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Gallery vs. Non-Gallery | 0.66 | 0.13 | <0.001 |
Slow Looking vs. No Slow Looking | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.582 |
Framing vs. No Framing | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.129 |
Slow Looking × Framing | |||
Slow Looking | −0.17 | 0.20 | 0.395 |
Framing | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.739 |
Interaction | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.182 |
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Cotter, K.N.; Crone, D.L.; Rodriguez-Boerwinkle, R.M.; Boerwinkle, M.; Silvia, P.J.; Pawelski, J.O. Examining the Flourishing Impacts of Repeated Visits to a Virtual Art Museum and the Role of Immersion. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120500
Cotter KN, Crone DL, Rodriguez-Boerwinkle RM, Boerwinkle M, Silvia PJ, Pawelski JO. Examining the Flourishing Impacts of Repeated Visits to a Virtual Art Museum and the Role of Immersion. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(12):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120500
Chicago/Turabian StyleCotter, Katherine N., Damien L. Crone, Rebekah M. Rodriguez-Boerwinkle, Martin Boerwinkle, Paul J. Silvia, and James O. Pawelski. 2022. "Examining the Flourishing Impacts of Repeated Visits to a Virtual Art Museum and the Role of Immersion" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 12: 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120500