Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire—Short: Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analytic Strategy
2.3.1. Preliminary Assumptions
2.3.2. Factor Structure
2.3.3. Reliability Analyses
2.3.4. Validity Analyses
2.3.5. Factorial Invariance
2.3.6. Sample Size Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses
3.3. Reliability and Validity
3.4. Tests of Factorial Invariance across Gender and Age
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subscales and Items | CERQ-IS | Full CERQ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor Loading | IRI | Factor Loading | IRI | |
Self-blame | ||||
I feel that I am the one to blame for it | 0.575 | 0.331 | ||
I feel that I am the one who is responsible for what has happened | 0.639 | 0.409 | 0.751 | 0.563 |
I think about the mistakes I have made in this matter | 0.624 | 0.390 | ||
I think that basically the cause must lie within myself | 0.866 | 0.751 | 0.703 | 0.494 |
Acceptance | ||||
I think that I have to accept that this has happened | 0.935 | 0.874 | 0.818 | 0.670 |
I think that I have to accept the situation | 0.835 | 0.697 | 0.955 | 0.912 |
I think that I cannot change anything about it | 0.182 | 0.033 | ||
I think that I must learn to live with it | 0.428 | 0.183 | ||
Rumination | ||||
I often think about how I feel about what I have experienced | 0.704 | 0.496 | 0.644 | 0.415 |
I am preoccupied with what I think and feel about what I have experienced | 0.698 | 0.488 | 0.728 | 0.530 |
I want to understand why I feel the way I do about what I have experienced | 0.694 | 0.482 | ||
I dwell upon the feelings the situation has evoked in me | 0.748 | 0.559 | ||
Positive refocusing | ||||
I think of nicer things than what I have experienced | 0.730 | 0.532 | ||
I think of pleasant things that have nothing to do with it | 0.789 | 0.622 | 0.805 | 0.648 |
I think of something nice instead of what has happened | 0.883 | 0.780 | 0.867 | 0.751 |
I think about pleasant experiences | 0.845 | 0.714 | ||
Refocus on planning | ||||
I think of what I can do best | 0.868 | 0.753 | ||
I think about how I can best cope with the situation | 0.878 | 0.771 | ||
I think about how to change the situation | 0.762 | 0.580 | 0.727 | 0.529 |
I think about a plan of what I can do best | 0.787 | 0.619 | 0.737 | 0.543 |
Positive reappraisal | ||||
I think I can learn something from the situation | 0.780 | 0.609 | 0.623 | 0.388 |
I think that I can become a stronger person as a result of what has happened | 0.737 | 0.543 | 0.621 | 0.385 |
I think that the situation also has its positive sides | 0.929 | 0.864 | ||
I look for the positive sides to the matter | 0.887 | 0.787 | ||
Putting into perspective | ||||
I think that it all could have been much worse | 0.705 | 0.498 | ||
I think that other people go through much worse experiences | 0.857 | 0.735 | ||
I think that it hasn’t been too bad compared to other things | 0.810 | 0.656 | 0.806 | 0.649 |
I tell myself that there are worse things in life | 0.867 | 0.752 | 0.867 | 0.751 |
Catastrophizing | ||||
I often think that what I have experienced is much worse than what others have experienced | 0.362 | 0.131 | ||
I keep thinking about how terrible it is what I have experienced | 0.877 | 0.770 | 0.882 | 0.778 |
I often think that what I have experienced is the worst that can happen to a person | 0.517 | 0.267 | ||
I continually think how horrible the situation has been | 0.857 | 0.735 | 0.854 | 0.729 |
Other-blame | ||||
I feel that others are to blame for it | 0.664 | 0.440 | ||
I feel that others are responsible for what has happened | 0.885 | 0.784 | 0.897 | 0.804 |
I think about the mistakes others have made in this matter | 0.735 | 0.540 | ||
I feel that basically the cause lies with others | 0.667 | 0.444 | 0.655 | 0.429 |
Subscale | Mean ± SD (Short Version, CERQ-IS) | Composite Reliability (Short Version, CERQ-IS) | Composite Reliability (Original Version, Full CERQ) |
---|---|---|---|
Self-blame | 4.86 (1.78) | 0.729 | 0.760 |
Acceptance | 6.91 (1.91) | 0.880 | 0.720 |
Rumination | 6.75 (1.94) | 0.659 | 0.797 |
Positive refocusing | 4.41 (1.91) | 0.824 | 0.886 |
Refocus on planning | 7.46 (1.72) | 0.750 | 0.880 |
Positive reappraisal | 8.03 (1.79) | 0.731 | 0.856 |
Putting into perspective | 6.16 (2.12) | 0.826 | 0.884 |
Catastrophizing | 4.49 (2.04) | 0.858 | 0.765 |
Other-blame | 3.77 (1.57) | 0.757 | 0.830 |
CERQ-IS Subscales | ERQ_ Reappraisal | ERQ_ Suppression | MPS-S_Self-Oriented Perfectionism | MPS-S_Other-Oriented Perfectionism | MPS-S_Socially Prescribed Perfectionism |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −0.079 | 0.020 | 0.147 ** | 0.054 | 0.220 ** |
| 0.271 ** | 0.017 | −0.089 | 0.007 | −0.065 |
| −0.041 | 0.052 | 0.197 ** | 0.077 | 0.175 ** |
| 0.294 ** | −0.057 | −0.088 | 0.039 | −0.062 |
| 0.321 ** | −0.087 | 0.077 | 0.060 | −0.100 |
| 0.409 ** | −0.135 ** | −0.013 | 0.021 | −0.133 ** |
| 0.365 ** | −0.066 | −0.043 | 0.035 | −0.085 |
| −0.214 ** | 0.068 | 0.119 * | 0.023 | 0.243 ** |
| −0.145 ** | 0.135 ** | 0.219 ** | 0.327 ** | 0.286 ** |
Gender as Grouping Variable | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | MLRχ2 (DFs) | RMSEA (90% CI) | ΔRMSEA | CFI | ΔCFI | TLI | SRMR |
Males | 108.601 (99) | 0.027 (0.000–0.054) | 0.986 | 0.979 | 0.048 | ||
Females | 147.325 (99) | 0.040 (0.026–0.053) | 0.971 | 0.956 | 0.040 | ||
Configural invariance | 258.225 (198) | 0.037 (0.023–0.049) | 0.975 | 0.961 | 0.043 | ||
Metric invariance | 268.299 (207) | 0.037 (0.023–0.049) | 0 | 0.975 | 0 | 0.962 | 0.043 |
Scalar invariance | 287.066 (216) | 0.039 (0.026–0.050) | 0.002 | 0.970 | 0.005 | 0.958 | 0.045 |
Age as grouping variable | |||||||
Model | MLR χ2 (DFs) | RMSEA (90% CI) | ΔRMSEA | CFI | ΔCFI | TLI | SRMR |
Adolescents | 138.566 (99) | 0.040 (0.022–0.054) | 0.964 | 0.944 | 0.048 | ||
Young adults | 136.733 (99) | 0.029 (0.016–0.041) | 0.982 | 0.975 | 0.030 | ||
Configural invariance | 275.417 (198) | 0.033 (0.023–0.043) | 0.977 | 0.965 | 0.038 | ||
Metric invariance | 281.548 (207) | 0.032 (0.022–0.041) | Improved | 0.978 | Improved | 0.968 | 0.040 |
Scalar invariance | 320.707 (216) | 0.037 (0.028–0.046) | 0.005 | 0.969 | 0.009 | 0.956 | 0.043 |
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Cerolini, S.; Zagaria, A.; Vacca, M.; Spinhoven, P.; Violani, C.; Lombardo, C. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire—Short: Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120474
Cerolini S, Zagaria A, Vacca M, Spinhoven P, Violani C, Lombardo C. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire—Short: Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(12):474. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120474
Chicago/Turabian StyleCerolini, Silvia, Andrea Zagaria, Mariacarolina Vacca, Philip Spinhoven, Cristiano Violani, and Caterina Lombardo. 2022. "Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire—Short: Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 12: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120474
APA StyleCerolini, S., Zagaria, A., Vacca, M., Spinhoven, P., Violani, C., & Lombardo, C. (2022). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire—Short: Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120474