African American College Students’ Drinking Behaviors and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy and Positive or Negative Expectancies Regarding Alcohol Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- approximately 1519 deaths among students 18–24 years old;
- approximately 696,000 assaults on fellow peers;
- an estimated 97,000 sexual assaults or date rapes; and
- roughly 400,000 reported cases of unprotected intercourse.
3. Methods and Sampling
3.1. Participants
3.2. Procedure
3.3. Measures
4. Statistical Analysis
5. Results
6. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research
7. Implications for Social Work Practice
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). College Drinking Fact Sheet. Bethesda, MD, USA, 2020. Available online: https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/media/collegedrinkingFactSheet2019.pdf (accessed on 18 February 2020).
- Lawrence, S.A.; Abel, E.M.; Hall, T. Protective Strategies and Alcohol Use Among College Students: Ethnic and Gender Differences. J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse. 2010, 9, 284–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnston, L.D.; Miech, R.A.; O’Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; Schulenberg, J.E.; Patrick, M.E. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975–2017: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2018. Available online: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/142406/Overview%202017%20FINAL.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 20 July 2020).
- Hingson, R.; Heeren, T.; Winter, M.; Wechsler, H. Magnitude of Alcohol-Related Mortality and Morbidity Among U.S. College Students Ages 18–24: Changes from 1998 to 2001. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2005, 26, 259–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Timberlake, D.S.; Hopfer, C.J.; Rhee, S.H.; Friedman, N.P.; Haberstick, B.C.; Lessem, J.M.; Hewitt, J.K. College Attendance and its Effect on Drinking Behaviors in a Longitudinal Study of Adolescents. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2007, 31, 1020–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dawson, D.A.; Grant, B.F.; Stinson, F.S.; Chou, P.S. Another Look at Heavy Episodic Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorders Among College and Noncollege Youth. J. Stud. Alcohol. 2004, 65, 477–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miech, R.; Johnston, L.; O’Malley, P.; Bachman, J.; Schulenberg, J.; Patrick, M. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2018: Volume I, Secondary School Students. 2019. Available online: http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol1_2018.pdf (accessed on 3 August 2020).
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Fall Semester—A Time for Parents to Discuss the Risks of College Drinking. Bethesda, MD, USA, 2019. Available online: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/NIAAA_BacktoCollege_Fact_sheet.pdf (accessed on 20 March 2020).
- Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; Schulenberg, J.E. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2008; Secondary School Students (NIH Publication No. 09-7402); National Institute on Drug Abuse: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2009; Volume I. [Google Scholar]
- Perkins, H.W.; Craig, D.W. A Successful Social Norms Campaign to Reduce Alcohol Misuse among College Student-Athletes. J. Stud. Alcohol. 2006, 67, 880–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). A Call to Action: Changing the Culture of Drinking at U.S. Colleges. Bethesda, MD, USA, 2019. Available online: https://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/NIAAACollegeMaterials/presentations/PowerPoint/tier2bsjs.aspx (accessed on 15 October 2019).
- Rutledge, P.C.; Park, A.; Sher, K.J. 21st Birthday Drinking: Extremely Extreme. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2008, 76, 511–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bandura, A. Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies. Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Braby, L.; Holcomb, M.; Leonhard, C. Examining the Relationship between Ethnic Identity, Depression, and Alcohol Use Among Students at Historically Black Colleges/Universities (HBCUs). J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse 2020, 62, 370–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zapolski, T.C.; Clifton, R.L. Cultural Socialization and Alcohol Use: The Mediating Role of Alcohol Expectancies Among Racial/Ethnic Minority Youth. Addict. Behav. Reports 2019, 9, 100145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Downey, K.K.; Kilbey, M.M. Relationship Between Nicotine and Alcohol Expectancies and Substance Dependence. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1995, 3, 174–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapaport, R.; Minelli, M.; Angera, J.; Thayer, J. Using Focus Groups to Quickly Assess Students’ Opinions About Alcohol Issues and Programs. J. Coll. Stud. Dev. 1999, 40, 311–314. [Google Scholar]
- Armeli, S.; Carney, M.A.; Tennen, H.; Affleck, G.; O’Neal, T.P. Stress and Alcohol Use: A Daily Process Examination of the Stressor-Vulnerability Model. J. Pers. Soc. Psycho. 2000, 78, 979–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, M.L.; Russell, M.; Skinner, J.B.; Frone, M.R.; Mudar, P. Stress and Alcohol Use: Moderating Effects of Gender, Coping, and Alcohol Expectancies. J. Abnorm Psychol. 1992, 101, 139–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laurent, J.; Catanzaro, S.J.; Callan, M.K. Stress, Alcohol-Related Expectancies, and Coping Preferences: A Replication with Adolescents of the Cooper et al. (1992) Model. J. Stud. Alcohol. 1997, 58, 644–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eizenman, D.R.; Kulick, A.D. An Alcohol Expectancy-Challenge Prevention Program for At-Risk College Women. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2003, 17, 163–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burke, R.S.; Stephens, R.S. Effects of Anxious Affect on Drinking Self-Efficacy in College Students. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 1997, 11, 65–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, N.K.; Oei, T.P.S. The Importance of Alcohol Expectancies and Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy in the Quantity and Frequency of Alcohol Consumption. J. Subst. Abuse 1993, 5, 379–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasking, P.A.; Oei, T.P.S. The Differential Role of Alcohol Expectancies, Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy, and Coping Resources in Predicting Alcohol Consumption in Community and Clinical Samples. Addict. Res. Theor. 2002, 10, 465–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McBride, N.M.; Barrett, B.; Moore, K.A.; Schonfeld, L. The Role of Positive Alcohol Expectancies in Underage Binge Drinking Among College Students. J. Am. Coll. Health 2014, 62, 370–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Young, R.M.; Connor, J.P.; Ricciardelli, L.A.; Saunders, J.B. The Role of Alcohol Expectancy and Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Beliefs in University Student Drinking. Alcohol Alcoholism. 2006, 41, 70–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brown, S.A. Expectancies Versus Background in the Prediction of College Drinking Patterns. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1985, 53, 123–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, S.A.; Goldman, M.S.; Inn, A.; Anderson, L.R. Expectations of Reinforcement from Alcohol: Their Domain and Relation to Drinking Patterns. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1980, 48, 419–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wall, A.; Hinson, R.E.; McKee, S.A. Alcohol Outcome Expectancies, Attitudes Toward Drinking and the Theory of Planned Behavior. J. Stud. Alcohol. 1999, 59, 409–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Young, R.M.; Oei, T.P.S.; Knight, R.G. The Tension Reduction Hypothesis Revisited: An Alcohol Expectancy Perspective. Br. J. Addict. 1990, 85, 31–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paulhus, D.L.; Van Selst, M.V. The Spheres of Control Scale: 10 Yr of Research. Pers. Individ. Differ. 1990, 11, 1029–1036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rohsenow, D.J. Alcohol Effects Questionnaire. In Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers; Allen, J.P., Columbus, M., Eds.; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Rockville, MD, USA, 1995; pp. 208–212. [Google Scholar]
- Bohn, J.; Babor, T.; Kranzler, H. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Validation of a Screening Instrument for Use in Medical Settings. J. Stud. Alcohol. 1995, 56, 423–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babor, T.F.; Biddle-Higgins, J.C.; Saunders, J.B.; Monteiro, M.G. AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Allen, J.P.; Wilson, V.B. Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers; National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corp: Armonk, NY, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Magri, T.D.; Leary, A.V.; De Leon, A.N.; Flori, J.N.; Crisafulli, M.J.; Dunn, M.E.; Dvorak, R.D. Organization and Activation of Alcohol Expectancies Across Empirically Derived Profiles of College Student Drinkers. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasking, P.A.; Oei, T.P.S. Incorporating Coping into an Expectancy Framework for Explaining Drinking Behavior. Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 2008, 1, 20–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engels, R.; Wiers, R.; Lemmers, L.; Overbeek, G.J. Drinking Motives, Alcohol Expectancies, Self-Efficacy, and Drinking Patterns. J. Alcohol Drug Educ. 2005, 35, 147–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Research Findings on College Drinking and the Minimum Legal Drinking Age. Bethesda, MD, USA, 2019. Available online: ww.niaaa.nih.gov/Publica36tions/ (accessed on 20 March 2020).
Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Men | 95 | 33.7 |
Women | 187 | 66.3 |
Race | ||
African American | 276 | 97.9 |
African | 5 | 1.8 |
Bi-racial | 1 | 0.3 |
Relationship | ||
Single | 261 | 92.5 |
Married | 13 | 4.6 |
Separated | 3 | 1.1 |
Divorced | 5 | 1.8 |
Employment | ||
No | 7 | 2.5 |
Yes | 119 | 42.2 |
Part-time | 122 | 43.3 |
Full-time | 34 | 12.0 |
GPA | ||
Below 1.00 | 5 | 1.8 |
1.00–1.99 | 112 | 39.7 |
2.00–2.99 | 164 | 58.1 |
3.00–4.00 | 1 | 0.4 |
Religion | ||
Christian | 266 | 94.3 |
Other | 16 | 5.7 |
Importance of Religion | ||
Not Important | 5 | 1.8 |
Not Too Important | 4 | 1.4 |
Somewhat Important | 19 | 6.7 |
Fairly Important | 51 | 18.1 |
Very Important | 203 | 72.0 |
Subscales | Item Number |
---|---|
Positive Subscales | |
1. Global Positive 2. Social and Physical Pleasure 3. Sexual Enhancement 4. Power and Aggression 5. Social Expression 6. Relaxation and Tension Reduction | 8, 17, 22, 29, 40 13, 15, 21, 24, 27 7, 12, 19, 28, 31 1, 5, 9, 16, 32, 37 3, 20, 35, 38, 39 2, 4, 11, 25, 34 |
Negative Subscales | |
7. Cognitive and Physical Impairment 8. Careless Unconcern | 6, 10, 18, 23, 26 14, 30, 33, 36 |
How Often Do You Drink Alcohol? | n | % |
---|---|---|
Never | 67 | 23.8 |
Monthly or less | 113 | 40.0 |
2–4 times per month | 72 | 25.5 |
2–3 times weekly | 18 | 6.4 |
4 or more times per week | 11 | 3.9 |
Measure | n | M | SD | α |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol Effects | 40 | 12.75 | 9.677 | 0.936 |
Questionnaire | ||||
Alcohol Expectancy (Pos) | 31 | 9.70 | 7.590 | 0.922 |
Alcohol Expectancy (Neg) | 9 | 3.06 | 2.783 | 0.837 |
Measure | n | M | SD | α |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spheres of Control | 30 | 131.66 | 20.890 | 0.825 |
Personal Efficacy Subscale | 1–10 | 48.53 | 8.225 | 0.696 |
Interpersonal Control Subscale | 11–20 | 20.59 | 7.022 | 0.707 |
Sociopolitical Control Subscale | 21–30 | 32.65 | 8.127 | 0.697 |
Model | r2 | B | β | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | ||||
Positive Expectancy | 0.041 | 0.33 ** | ||
Negative Expectancy | 0.022 | 0.07 | ||
Step 2 | ||||
Interpersonal Control | 0.020 | 0.16 * | ||
Sociopolitical Control | −0.003 | −0.02 | ||
Personal Efficacy | −0.002 | −0.02 | ||
Total r2 | 0.187 (Adj. r2 = 0.170) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jenkins, P.R.; Hernandez, P.M.; Harris, C.A. African American College Students’ Drinking Behaviors and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy and Positive or Negative Expectancies Regarding Alcohol Consumption. Behav. Sci. 2020, 10, 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10100153
Jenkins PR, Hernandez PM, Harris CA. African American College Students’ Drinking Behaviors and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy and Positive or Negative Expectancies Regarding Alcohol Consumption. Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 10(10):153. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10100153
Chicago/Turabian StyleJenkins, Patrice R., Pedro M. Hernandez, and Chaiqua A. Harris. 2020. "African American College Students’ Drinking Behaviors and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy and Positive or Negative Expectancies Regarding Alcohol Consumption" Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 10: 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10100153
APA StyleJenkins, P. R., Hernandez, P. M., & Harris, C. A. (2020). African American College Students’ Drinking Behaviors and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy and Positive or Negative Expectancies Regarding Alcohol Consumption. Behavioral Sciences, 10(10), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10100153