A Review of Second- and Third-line Infertility Treatments and Supporting Evidence in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Letrozole
2.1. Background
2.2. Evidence
2.3. Summary
3. Metformin Combined with Clomiphene Citrate
3.1. Background
3.2. Evidence
3.3. Summary
4. Gonadotrophins
4.1. Background
4.2. Evidence
4.2.1. Gonadotrophins versus Placebo/No Treatment
4.2.2. Gonadotrophins versus Other Ovulation Induction Therapies
4.3. Summary
5. Laparoscopic Ovarian Surgery
5.1. Background
5.2. Evidence
Laparoscopic Ovarian Surgery versus Other Ovulation Induction Therapies
5.3. Summary
6. Anti-Obesity Agents
6.1. Background
6.2. Evidence
6.3. Summary
7. Bariatric Surgery
7.1. Background
7.2. Evidence
7.3. Summary
8. In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Treatment
8.1. Background
8.2. Evidence
8.3. Summary
9. In Vitro Maturation Treatment
9.1. Background
9.2. Evidence
9.3. Summary
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Teede, H.; Deeks, A.; Moran, L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: A complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med. 2010, 8, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- REA-SPCW Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum. Reprod. 2004, 19, 41–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Homburg, R. Management of infertility and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2004, 18, 773–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Costello, M.F.; Misso, M.L.; Wong, J.; Hart, R.; Rombauts, L.; Melder, A.; Norman, R.J.; Teede, H.J. The treatment of infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome: A brief update. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2012, 52, 400–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walls, M.L.; Hunter, T.; Ryan, J.P.; Keelan, J.A.; Nathan, E.; Hart, R.J. In vitro maturation as an alternative to standard in vitro fertilization for patients diagnosed with polycystic ovaries: A comparative analysis of fresh, frozen and cumulative cycle outcomes. Hum. Reprod. 2015, 30, 88–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teede, H.; Misso, M.; Costello, M.; Dorkas, A.; Laven, J.; Moran, L.; Piltonen, T.; Norman, R.; International PCOS Network. The International evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) 2018; Monash University: Victoria, Australia, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Costello, M.F.; Misso, M.L.; Balen, A.; Boyle, J.; Devoto, L.; Garad, R.M.; Hart, R.; Johnson, L.; Jordan, C.; Legro, R.S.; et al. Evidence summaries and recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Assessment and treatment of infertility. Hum. Reprod. Open 2019, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- National Health and Medical Research Council. NHMRC levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines; National Health and Medical Research Council: Canberra, Australia, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Mitwally, M.F.M.; Casper, R.F. Use of an Aromatase Inhibitor for Induction of Ovulation in Patients with an Inadequate Response to Clomiphene Citrate. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2001, 56, 421–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pritts, A.E. Letrozole for ovulation induction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010, 22, 289–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamath, M.S.; Aleyamma, T.; Chandy, A.; George, K. Aromatase inhibitors in women with clomiphene citrate resistance: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 94, 2857–2859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velazquez, E.; Mendoza, S.; Hamer, T.; Sosa, F.; Glueck, C. Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism 1994, 43, 647–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greenblatt, R.B.; Barfield, W.E.; Jungck, E.C.; Ray, A.W. Induction of Ovulation with MRL/41: Preliminary Report. JAMA 1961, 178, 101–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Palomba, S.; Falbo, A.; Zullo, F. Management strategies for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and known clomifene citrate resistance. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009, 21, 465–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nestler, J.E.; Jakubowicz, D.J.; Evans, W.S.; Pasquali, R. Effects of Metformin on Spontaneous and Clomiphene-Induced Ovulation in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 338, 1876–1880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Costello, M.F.; Eden, J.A. A systematic review of the reproductive system effects of metformin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 2003, 79, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, T.; Lord, J.M.; Norman, R.J.; Yasmin, E.; Balen, A.H. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, d-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010, 1, CD003053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Creanga, A.A.; Bradley, M.H.; McCormick, T.C.; Witkop, T.C. Use of Metformin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008, 111, 959–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franik, S.; Eltrop, S.M.; Kremer, J.A.; Kiesel, L.; Farquhar, C. Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Datab. Syst. Rev. 2018, 5, CD010287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abu Hashim, H.; Shokeir, T.; Badawy, A. Letrozole versus combined metformin and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in clomiphene-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 94, 1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teede, H.J.; Misso, M.L.; Deeks, A.A.; Moran, L.J.; Stuckey, B.G.A.; Wong, J.L.A.; Norman, R.J.; Costello, M.F. Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of an evidence-based guideline. Med. J. Aust. 2011, 195, S65–S112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, R.; Kim, B.V.; Van Wely, M.; Johnson, N.P.; Costello, M.F.; Zhang, H.; Ng, E.H.Y.; Legro, R.S.; Bhattacharya, S.; Norman, R.J.; et al. Treatment strategies for women with WHO group II anovulation: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2017, 356, 356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weiss, N.S.; Nahuis, M.J.; Bordewijk, E.; Oosterhuis, J.E.; Smeenk, J.M.J.; Hoek, A.; Broekmans, F.J.M.; Fleischer, K.; De Bruin, J.P.; Kaaijk, E.M.; et al. Gonadotrophins Versus Clomifene Citrate with or Without Intrauterine Insemination in Women with Normogonadotropic Anovulation and Clomifene Failure (M-OVIN): A Randomized, Two-by-Two Factorial Trial. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2018, 73, 283–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abu Hashim, H.; Foda, O.; Ghayaty, E. Combined metformin-clomiphene in clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2015, 29, 921–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hassan, A.; Shehata, N.; Wahba, A. Cost effectiveness of letrozole and purified urinary FSH in treating women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Hum. Fertil. 2017, 20, 37–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bordewijk, E.M.; Nahuis, M.; Costello, M.F.; Van Der Veen, F.; Tso, L.O.; Mol, B.W.J.; Van Wely, M. Metformin during ovulation induction with gonadotrophins followed by timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination for subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Datab. Syst. Rev. 2017, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gjönnaess, H. Polycystic ovarian syndrome treated by ovarian electrocautery through the laparoscope. Fertil. Steril. 1984, 41, 20–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flyckt, R.L.; Goldberg, J.M. Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling for Clomiphene-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2011, 29, 138–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farquhar, C.; Brown, J.; Marjoribanks, J. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 2012, CD001122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamed, H.O.; Hasan, A.F.; Ahmed, O.G.; Ahmed, M.A. Metformin versus laparoscopic ovarian drilling in clomiphene- and insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2010, 108, 143–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palomba, G.S.; Orio, G.F.; Nardo, G.L.; Falbo, G.A.; Russo, G.T.; Corea, G.D.; Doldo, G.P.; Lombardi, G.G.; Tolino, G.A.; Colao, G.A. Metformin Administration Versus Laparoscopic Ovarian Diathermy in Clomiphene Citrate-Resistant Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Prospective Parallel Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89, 4801–4809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abu Hashim, H.; Foda, O.; Ghayaty, E.; Elawa, A. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy after clomiphene failure in polycystic ovary syndrome: Is it worthwhile? A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2011, 284, 1303–1309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abd Elgafor, I. Efficacy of combined metformin–letrozole in comparison with bilateral ovarian drilling in clomiphene-resistant infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2013, 288, 119–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahan, S.; Winston, G. Addressing Obesity in Clinical Gynecology Practice. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018, 61, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steptoe, P.C.; Edwards, R.G. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet 1978, 2, 366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambalk, C.; Banga, F.; Huirne, J.; Toftager, M.; Pinborg, A.; Homburg, R.; Van Der Veen, F.; Van Wely, M. GnRH antagonist versus long agonist protocols in IVF: A systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for patient type. Hum. Reprod. Updat. 2017, 23, 560–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turkcapar, A.F.; Seckin, B.; Onalan, G.; Ozdener, T.; Batioglu, S. Human Menopausal Gonadotropin versus Recombinant FSH in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization. Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 2013, 6, 238–243. [Google Scholar]
- Costello, M.F.; Albuquerque, L.E.T.; Andriolo, R.B.; Macedo, C.R. Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Datab. Syst. Rev. 2014, 2014, CD006105. [Google Scholar] [Green Version]
- Tso, L.O.; Costello, M.F.; Albuquerque, L.E.T.; Andriolo, R.B.; Marjoribanks, J.; Macedo, C.R. Metformin treatment before and during in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Summary of a Cochrane review. Fertil. Steril. 2015, 104, 542–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doldi, N.; Persico, P.; Di Sebastiano, F.; Marsiglio, E.; Ferrari, A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist and metformin for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome patients undergoing in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2006, 22, 235–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, Y.; Tian, L.; Yang, D.; Yan, J.; Chen, Z.-J.; Shi, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, B.; Liang, X.; Yang, J.; et al. Fresh versus Frozen Embryos for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. New Engl. J. Med. 2016, 375, 523–533. [Google Scholar]
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Costello, M.F.; Garad, R.M.; Hart, R.; Homer, H.; Johnson, L.; Jordan, C.; Mocanu, E.; Qiao, J.; Rombauts, L.; Teede, H.J.; et al. A Review of Second- and Third-line Infertility Treatments and Supporting Evidence in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7070075
Costello MF, Garad RM, Hart R, Homer H, Johnson L, Jordan C, Mocanu E, Qiao J, Rombauts L, Teede HJ, et al. A Review of Second- and Third-line Infertility Treatments and Supporting Evidence in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Medical Sciences. 2019; 7(7):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7070075
Chicago/Turabian StyleCostello, Michael F., Rhonda M. Garad, Roger Hart, Hayden Homer, Louise Johnson, Cailin Jordan, Edgar Mocanu, Jie Qiao, Luk Rombauts, Helena J. Teede, and et al. 2019. "A Review of Second- and Third-line Infertility Treatments and Supporting Evidence in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" Medical Sciences 7, no. 7: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7070075
APA StyleCostello, M. F., Garad, R. M., Hart, R., Homer, H., Johnson, L., Jordan, C., Mocanu, E., Qiao, J., Rombauts, L., Teede, H. J., Vanky, E., Venetis, C. A., & Ledger, W. L. (2019). A Review of Second- and Third-line Infertility Treatments and Supporting Evidence in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Medical Sciences, 7(7), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7070075