The Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) Population due to Potential Toxic Elements Exposure from Soils
by
Marina M. S. Cabral Pinto 1,*
, Maria M. V. Silva 2, Eduardo A. Ferreira da Silva 3 and A. Paula Marinho-Reis 3
Marina M. S. Cabral Pinto 1,*, Maria M. V. Silva 2, Eduardo A. Ferreira da Silva 3 and A. Paula Marinho-Reis 3
1
Geobiotec Research Centre and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
2
Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes , Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
3
Geobiotec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, Department of Geosciences, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Geosciences 2017, 7(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences7030078
Received: 11 August 2017 / Revised: 28 August 2017 / Accepted: 1 September 2017 / Published: 7 September 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Environmental and Medical Geochemistry)
The hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk due to the exposure of some potentially toxic elements to the Santiago Island (Cape Verde) population were calculated, considering soil ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact as exposure pathways. The topsoil of Santiago Island, compared with that of the upper continental crust, is enriched with Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn, Mn, and Cd. Hazard indices (HIs) for these metals and the As exposures to the Santiago Island population were calculated, and these calculations were performed for children and adults. For children, HIs were higher than 1 for Co, Cr, and Mn. Therefore, there is an indication of potential non-carcinogenic risk for children, due to the high Co (HI = 2.995), Cr (HI = 1.329), and Mn (HI = 1.126) values in these soils. For the other elements, in adults, there is no potential non-carcinogenic risk. Cancer risk for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni exposures, in adults and children, was calculated, and the results are mainly lower than the carcinogenic target risk of 1 × 10−6 for As, Cd, and Ni. However, in adults, cancer risk is higher than the carcinogenic target risk for Cr. Regarding As, for children, the fraction due to Riskingestion represents 51.6%, while Riskinhalation represents 48.0% and Riskdermalcontact represents only 0.4% of the total risk. For adults, Riskinhalation represents 81.3%, Riskingestion represents 16.6%, and Riskdermal contact represents 2.1%. These results reflect the higher daily ingestion dose for children and the higher inhalation rate and higher dermal contact surface for adults. For the other elements, the cancer risk due to Cr, Ni, and Cd inhalation is always higher for adults than it is for children, reflecting the higher inhalation rate for adults.
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Keywords:
cancer risk; risk assessment; volcanic soils; Santiago Island
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Cabral Pinto, M.M.S.; Silva, M.M.V.; Ferreira da Silva, E.A.; Marinho-Reis, A.P. The Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) Population due to Potential Toxic Elements Exposure from Soils. Geosciences 2017, 7, 78.
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