The Knowledge and Application of Sedimentary Conditions of Shallow Marine and Tidal Waters of Ionian Islands, Greece: Implications for Therapeutic Use
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Materials and Methods
4. Sedimentary Environments
4.1. Kefalonia Island
4.2. Corfu Island
5. Biostratigraphic Analysis
5.1. Kefalonia Island
5.2. Corfu Island
5.3. Age Determination for Kefalonia and Corfu Islands
6. Geochemical and Sedimentological Analysis
6.1. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
6.1.1. Kefalonia Island
6.1.2. Corfu Island
6.2. Total Organic Carbon Content (TOC)
6.2.1. Kefalonia Island
6.2.2. Corfu Island
6.3. Comprehensive Analysis of Elements, Mineralogical Composition, and Physical Properties
6.3.1. XRF Analysis
6.3.2. XRPD Analysis
6.3.3. pH Determination
6.3.4. Plasticity Determination
6.3.5. Specific Surface Area Determination
6.3.6. Thermal Analysis
6.4. Grain Size Analysis
6.4.1. Kefalonia Island
6.4.2. Corfu Island
6.5. Cumulative Frequency Curves
6.6. Statistical Parameters
6.6.1. Graphic Mean Size (Mz)
6.6.2. Standard Deviation (σ1)
6.6.3. Graphic Skewness (SK1)
6.6.4. Graphic Kurtosis (KG)
7. Discussion
7.1. TOC and CaCO3 Correlations
7.2. Extensive XRF Analysis and Material Utilization Recommendations
7.3. Interrelationship of Textural Parameters
7.3.1. Bivariate Plot between Mean Size and Sorting
7.3.2. Bivariate Plot between Skewness and Standard Deviation
7.3.3. Bivariate Plot between Skewness and Kurtosis
7.4. Bivariate Grain-Size Parameters
7.5. Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDF)
7.6. Parameters and Applications in the Environments of Deposition at Kefalonia and Corfu Islands
7.7. Physical–Chemical Characteristics and Applications in Therapectical Mud
- “Silt”: With a prevalent silt component, represented on average by 73.86% of the total sample, followed by clay values with an average of 21.94% and those of sand (4.20%), which is the minor component of the sample.
- “Mud”: With a prevalent silt component, represented on average by 53.52% of the total sample, followed by the values of clay with an average of 42.57% and those of sand (3.91%), which constitutes the minor component of the sample.
- “Sandy Silt”: With a prevalent silty component, represented on average by 65.42% of the total sample, followed by the values of clay with an average of 20.61% and those of sand (14.06%), which constitutes the minor component of the sample.
- “Sandy Mud”: With a prevalent silt component, represented on average by 43.60% of the total sample, followed by silt values with an average of 35.43% and those of sand (20.97%), which is the minor component of the sample.
8. Conclusions
- Although there is a slight disparity in the average CaCO3 content between Corfu island samples (30.90%) and Kefalonia island samples (24.60%), both percentages significantly surpass the recommended 10% value for optimal plasticity. However, no observable impact on the mechanical behavior and plasticity of the clay was noted, rendering it a neutral quality criterion.
- Corfu island samples exhibit higher TOC content, suggesting potential superiority for mud therapy. Nevertheless, all samples show a TOC content (<0.77%) considerably below the required threshold (2–5%) for material maturation in mud therapy. Therefore, enriching the samples with organic matter is required.
- Although TOC values are below the recommended maturity level, the TOC content (<0.77%) on both islands samples does not affect the mechanical behavior of the mud (TOC > 10% has a negative effect), indicating its potential for therapeutic purposes.
- Cumulative frequency percentage curves and grain-size statistics classify the studied samples as fine- to very fine-grained sediments (clay to very fine sand).
- Linear and multigroup discriminant analyses categorize two sediment types: a unimodal type, characterized by mud grain-size dominance, deposited in shallow water environments, and a bimodal type, featuring mud and sand content alterations, deposited in tidal-affected environments.
- Based on the statistical analysis, sedimentary environments in shallow seas exhibit more uniformity in the clay/silt ratio compared to tidal environments. This uniformity, characteristic of the samples from Kefalonia island, is preferable for mud therapy utilization.
- The studied sediments from Corfu island also have potential for mud therapy but require additional processing due to elevated sand content.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Studied Area | Section | Age Determination | Characteristic Pl. Foraminifera | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kefalonia Island | Xi beach | X | Piacenzian | Globoconella inflata, Globigerinoides bollii, Globigerinoides extremus |
Koutala beach | K | Upper Piacenzian to Gelasian | Globigerinoides tenellus, Globigerinoides extremus | |
Matzavinata | MA | Upper Zanclean to Gelasian | Globigerinoides extremus, Globoturborotalita rubescens | |
Chavdata | CH | Zanclean to Gelasian | Globigerinoides elongatus | |
Corfu Island | Arillas South | B | Tortonian to Messinian | Globorotalia plesiotumida, Globorotalia tumida, Globoturborotalita nepenthes, Globoturborotalita apertura, Globigerinoides conglobatus |
Arillas North | at least Middle Miocene or younger age | Cyprideis torosa | ||
Agios Stefanos | A | Zanclean | Globigerinoides conglobatus, Globorotalia margaritae, Neogloboquadrina dutertei |
Studied Area | Section | Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Aver. | |||
Kefalonia Island | Xi beach | X | 16.00 | 34.72 | 24.27 |
Xi beach sand | 17.87 (1 sample) | ||||
Koutala beach | K | 20.28 | 33.66 | 25.36 | |
Matzavinata | MA | 19.1 | 34.6 | 25.7 | |
Chavdata | CH | 12.22 | 35.81 | 24.14 | |
Corfu Island | Arillas | B | 17.76 | 39.27 | 31.86 |
Agios Stefanos | A | 22.86 | 37.45 | 29.96 |
Studied Area | Section | Total Organic Carbon (Corg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Aver. | |||
Kefalonia Island | Xi beach | X | 0.13 | 0.77 | 0.42 |
Xi beach sand | 0.13 (1 sample) | ||||
Koutala beach | K | 0.19 | 0.62 | 0.36 | |
Matzavinata | MA | 0.10 | 0.29 | 0.18 | |
Chavdata | CH | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.23 | |
Corfu Island | Arillas | B | 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.27 |
Agios Stefanos | A | 0.18 | 0.58 | 0.33 |
Grain Size | Clay | Silt | Sand | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studied Area | Min | Max | Aver. | Min | Max | Aver. | Min | Max | Aver. | |
Kefalonia Island | Xi beach | 7.34 | 51.28 | 37.09 | 46.96 | 88.63 | 59.04 | 0.80 | 19.07 | 3.87 |
Koutala beach | 4.88 | 49.59 | 31.49 | 49.81 | 87.85 | 65.45 | 0.60 | 7.28 | 3.06 | |
Matzavinata | 3.78 | 48.86 | 37.3 | 50.03 | 90.72 | 58.60 | 1.11 | 11.16 | 4.10 | |
Chavdata | 33.89 | 53.84 | 48.48 | 43.53 | 64.89 | 49.98 | 0.57 | 3.94 | 1.85 | |
Corfu Island | Arillas | 8.73 | 55.90 | 28.79 | 27.04 | 84.61 | 58.54 | 3.46 | 44.87 | 12.67 |
Agios Stefanos | 0.18 | 56.24 | 43.44 | 39.78 | 98.89 | 50.77 | 0.93 | 10.97 | 5.79 |
Studied Area | Section | Statistical Parameters | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Size (Mz) | Sorting (σ1) | Skewness (SK1) | Kurtosis (KG) | |||||||||||
Min | Max | Aver. | Min | Max | Aver. | Min | Max | Aver. | Min | Max | Aver. | |||
Kefalonia Island | Xi beach | X | 5.54 | 8.82 | 8.04 | 1.09 | 3.50 | 2.76 | 0.11 | 0.66 | 0.43 | 0.65 | 2.63 | 1.03 |
Xi beach sand | 2.28 | 2.86 | 2.51 | 0.31 | 0.62 | 0.43 | −0.37 | −0.07 | −0.23 | 0.93 | 1.51 | 1.15 | ||
Koutala beach | K | 6.23 | 8.80 | 7.41 | 1.19 | 2.88 | 2.20 | 0.37 | 0.73 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 1.28 | 1.01 | |
Matzavinata | MA | 6.81 | 8.72 | 8.08 | 1.07 | 3.19 | 2.78 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.66 | 1.49 | 1.03 | |
Chavdata | CH | 7.25 | 8.99 | 8.60 | 2.05 | 2.92 | 2.73 | 0.27 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.63 | 0.82 | 1.62 | |
Corfu Island | Arillas | B | 6.13 | 9.14 | 7.19 | 1.21 | 3.26 | 2.36 | −0.30 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.74 | 1.73 | 1.17 |
Agios Stefanos | A | 6.47 | 9.08 | 8.26 | 0.64 | 3.28 | 2.84 | −0.09 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.66 | 1.65 | 0.88 |
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Botziolis, C.; Bourli, N.; Zoumpouli, E.; Papadopoulou, P.; Dimopoulos, N.; Kovani, A.; Zelilidis, P.; Aspioti, D.C.; Iliopoulos, G.; Zelilidis, A. The Knowledge and Application of Sedimentary Conditions of Shallow Marine and Tidal Waters of Ionian Islands, Greece: Implications for Therapeutic Use. Geosciences 2024, 14, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14020048
Botziolis C, Bourli N, Zoumpouli E, Papadopoulou P, Dimopoulos N, Kovani A, Zelilidis P, Aspioti DC, Iliopoulos G, Zelilidis A. The Knowledge and Application of Sedimentary Conditions of Shallow Marine and Tidal Waters of Ionian Islands, Greece: Implications for Therapeutic Use. Geosciences. 2024; 14(2):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14020048
Chicago/Turabian StyleBotziolis, Chrysanthos, Nicolina Bourli, Elena Zoumpouli, Penelope Papadopoulou, Nikolaos Dimopoulos, Andriana Kovani, Panagiotis Zelilidis, Diamantina Christina Aspioti, George Iliopoulos, and Avraam Zelilidis. 2024. "The Knowledge and Application of Sedimentary Conditions of Shallow Marine and Tidal Waters of Ionian Islands, Greece: Implications for Therapeutic Use" Geosciences 14, no. 2: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14020048