Spatiotemporal Variability in the Hydrological Regimes and Water Resources of the Ouham River Basin at Batangafo, Central African Republic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. The Ouham River Basin and Its Sub-Basins
2.2. Data and Methods
2.2.1. Rainfall and Flow Data
2.2.2. About Data Quality
2.2.3. Statistical Tests
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Evolution and Breaks in Annual Rainfall
3.1.1. Annual Rainfall Evolution
3.1.2. Breaks and Homogeneous Rainfall Periods
3.2. Temporal Evolution and Breaks in the Annual Flow
3.2.1. Dynamics of the Annual Mean Q of the Ouham River per Outlet
3.2.2. Breaks and Homogeneous Hydrological Periods
3.3. Depletion Coefficients and Mobilized Volume of Aquifer
4. Discussions
4.1. Annual Rainfall and Discharge Relationship in the Ouham River Basin
4.2. Breaks Comparison between Ouham and Ubangi Rivers
4.3. Water Resources Statement and Effect of Ongoing Drought
4.3.1. Depletion and Groundwater Resources in the Region
4.3.2. Water Resources’ Evolution per Outlet and Recent Trends
4.4. Impact of Ouham Water Resources on Lake Chad
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(a) | |||||
Rainfall Stations | Period | Missing Monthly | Missing Years | Missing Periods | |
Batangafo | 1951–1987 (36 years) | 38 months (9%) | 4.2 years (12%) | 1981–1984, 1985 (January and February) | |
Bocaranga | 1951–1980 (29 years) | None (0%) | None (0%) | - | |
Bossangoa | 1951–1995 (44 years) | None (0%) | None (0%) | - | |
Bossembélé | 1951–1995 (44 years) | 7 months (1.3%) | 0.7 year (1.3%) | 1983 (January–April and August–October) | |
Bouar | 1951–1995 (44 years) | None (0%) | None (0%) | - | |
Bouca | 1951–1990 (39 years) | None (0%) | None (0%) | - | |
Bozoum | 1951–1990 (39 years) | 12 months (2.6%) | 1 year (2.6%) | 1986 (January–December) | |
Yaloké | 1951–1980 (29 years) | None (0%) | None (0%) | - | |
Bogangolo | 1953–1987 (34 years) | 12 months (2.6%) | 1 year (2.6%) | 1983 (January–March), 1984 (January, February, August and December), 1985 (February, November and December), and 1986 (September and November) | |
Dékoa | 1953–1986 (33 years) | 8 months (2%) | 0.8 year (1%) | 1981 (January–August) | |
Kaga-Bandoro | 1951–1995 (44 years) | None (0%) | None (0%) | - | |
(b) | |||||
Hydrometric Stations | Period | Missing Daily | Missing Monthly | Missing Annual | Missing Periods |
Ouham at Bozoum | 1951–1994 (43 years, 516 months) | 1951–1952 1964–1965 1976–1986 1994–1995 | 144 months (28%) | 12 completed years (2.33%) | 1951–1952 1964–1965 1976–1986 |
Ouham at Bossangoa | 1951–1995 (44 years, 528 months) | 1961–1962 1980–1986 1994–1995 | 130 months (25%) | 6 completed years + 4.8 years partially (1%) | 1961–1962 1980–1986 1994–1995 |
Ouham at Batangafo | 1951–1995 (44 years, 528 months) | 1962–1964 1978–1984 1991–1992 | 177 months (34%) | 10 completed years + 4.8 years partially (1%) | 1962–1964 1978–1984 1991–1992 |
Period | Interannual Mean (mm) | Pettitt [70] | Lee and Heghinian [71] | Hubert Segmentation [72] | Standard Deviation | Observed Period | Report to Interannual Mean (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ouham at Bozoum (8100 km2) | 1423 | 1970 | 1970 | 1951–1969: 1534 | 153 | Wet | +8 |
1970–1993: 1336 | 163 | Dry | −6 | ||||
Ouham at Bossangoa (22,800 km2) | 1439 | 1970 | 1968 | 1951–1967: 1538 | 110 | Wet | +7 |
1968–1993: 1374 | 114 | Dry | −4 | ||||
Ouham at Batangafo (43,650 km2) | 1393 | 1968 | 1968 | 1951–1967: 1493 | 96 | Wet | +7 |
1968–1993: 1327 | 135 | Dry | −5 |
Period | Interannual Mean (m3/s) | Pettitt [70] | Lee and Heghinian [71] | Hubert Segmentation [72] | Standard Deviation | Observed Period | Report to Interannual Mean (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ouham at Bozoum | 78 | 1971 | 1971 | 1951–1970: 99 | 19 | Wet | +27 |
1971–1989: 54 | 17 | Dry | −31 | ||||
1990–1992: 101 | 28 | Wet | +14 | ||||
Ouham at Bossangoa | 192 | 1971 | 1971 | 1951–1963: 275 | 58 | Very wet | +43 |
1964–1976: 202 | 38 | Wet | +5 | ||||
1977–1993: 120 | 34 | Very dry | −37 | ||||
Ouham at Batangafo | 282 | 1971 | 1970 | 1951–1959: 369 | 65 | Wet | +31 |
1960–1963: 578 | 74 | Very wet | +105 | ||||
1964–1970: 319 | 42 | Wet | +13 | ||||
1971–1988: 206 | 62 | Dry | −27 | ||||
1989–1993: 85 | 57 | Very dry | −70 |
Period/Basin | Ouham at Bozoum (km3) | Ouham at Bossangoa (km3) | Ouham at Batangafo (km3) |
---|---|---|---|
1951–1970 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 5.2 |
1986–1995 | 0.5 | 0.94 | 1.6 |
Sub-Basin/Period | 1951–1995 | 1951–1970 | 1971–1995 | Trends |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bozoum | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.40 | Linear |
0.71 | 0.72 | 0.52 | Polynomial | |
Bossangoa | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.23 | Linear |
0.68 | 0.64 | 0.23 | Polynomial | |
Batangafo | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.15 | Linear |
0.46 | 0.36 | 0.48 | Polynomial |
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Nguimalet, C.R.; Orange, D. Spatiotemporal Variability in the Hydrological Regimes and Water Resources of the Ouham River Basin at Batangafo, Central African Republic. Geosciences 2023, 13, 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110334
Nguimalet CR, Orange D. Spatiotemporal Variability in the Hydrological Regimes and Water Resources of the Ouham River Basin at Batangafo, Central African Republic. Geosciences. 2023; 13(11):334. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110334
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguimalet, Cyriaque Rufin, and Didier Orange. 2023. "Spatiotemporal Variability in the Hydrological Regimes and Water Resources of the Ouham River Basin at Batangafo, Central African Republic" Geosciences 13, no. 11: 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110334
APA StyleNguimalet, C. R., & Orange, D. (2023). Spatiotemporal Variability in the Hydrological Regimes and Water Resources of the Ouham River Basin at Batangafo, Central African Republic. Geosciences, 13(11), 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13110334