Gas Permeability Behavior in Frozen Sand Controlled by Formation and Dissociation of Pore Gas Hydrates

Formation and dissociation of pore gas hydrates in permafrost can change its properties, including fluid flow capacity. Permeability is one of the most significant parameters in the study of hydrate-containing rocks, especially in the case of gas burial or extraction. Gas permeability variations in frozen sand partially saturated with CO₂ or CH₄ hydrates are studied experimentally at a constant negative temperature of −5 °C, as well as during freezing–thawing cycles. The gas permeability behavior is controlled by the formation and dissociation of pore gas hydrates in frozen sand samples. The samples with an initial ice saturation of 40 to 60% become at least half as permeable, as 40% of pore ice converts to hydrate. The dissociation process of accumulated hydrates was modeled by both depressurizing methane or CO₂ to atmospheric pressure and by stepwise injection of gaseous nitrogen up to 3 MPa into a frozen sample. In sand samples, with a decrease in gas pressure and without subsequent injection of nitrogen, a decrease in pore hydrate dissociation due to self-preservation was noted, which is reflected by a deceleration of gas permeability. Nitrogen injection did not lead to a decrease in the rate of dissociation in the frozen hydrate-containing sample, respectively, as there was no decrease in the rate of gas permeability.