The Absolute Age and Origin of the Giant Gypsum Geode of Pulpí (Almería, SE Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.2.1. U–Th Dating
2.2.2. Stable Isotopes of Gypsum Hydration Water
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Age of the Giant Geode
3.2. Paleoclimatic Significance of Subaqueous Gypsum Crystals
4. Conclusions
Sample ID | U (ng/g) | Th (ng/g) | Th/U | (230Th/232Th) | 2σ ± | (234U/238U) Corrected | 2σ ± | (230Th/238U) Corrected | 2σ ± | Uncorrected Age (ka) | 2σ ± | Corrected Age (ka) | 2σ ± | Initial (234U/238U) Corrected | 2σ ± |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MI-15-A | 8.98 | 5.76 | 0.641 | 3.202 | 0.124 | 0.788 | 0.034 | 0.598 | 0.019 | 212 | 41 | 179 | 36 | 0.649 | 0.092 |
MI-15-B | 9.84 | 6.19 | 0.630 | 3.131 | 0.127 | 0.810 | 0.038 | 0.567 | 0.021 | 173 | 25 | 143 | 23 | 0.716 | 0.074 |
MI-15-D | 11.73 | 7.99 | 0.681 | 3.174 | 0.079 | 0.849 | 0.010 | 0.637 | 0.019 | 196 | 14 | 166 | 14 | 0.756 | 0.021 |
MI-15-E | 11.20 | 8.01 | 0.715 | 3.122 | 0.059 | 0.868 | 0.009 | 0.661 | 0.014 | 200 | 11 | 169 | 11 | 0.788 | 0.019 |
M.15-Mean Age | 164 | ±15 | |||||||||||||
GE-1 A | 2.11 | 2.79 | 1.321 | 2.032 | 0.109 | 0.956 | 0.060 | 0.805 | 0.076 | 264 | 111 | 208 | 100 | 0.922 | 0.135 |
GE-1 B | 2.04 | 1.29 | 0.630 | 2.225 | 0.176 | 1.054 | 0.054 | 0.340 | 0.044 | 63 | 8 | 42 | 7 | 1.060 | 0.060 |
GE-1 C | 2.68 | 1.93 | 0.722 | 2.505 | 0.204 | 0.979 | 0.053 | 0.486 | 0.061 | 101 | 16 | 75 | 15 | 0.974 | 0.066 |
GE-1-Mean Age | 108 | ±87 |
Sample ID | Description | Location (m asl) | δ18Ogyp (‰) | 1SD | δ18Oaquifer (‰) | δ2Hgyp (‰) | 1SD | δ2Haquifer (‰) | d-Excess (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GE-1 | Geode crystal (1 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.2 | 0.2 | −5.6 | −57.1 | 1.1 | −38.9 | 5.7 |
GE-2 | Geode crystal (2 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.1 | 0.1 | −5.5 | −58.4 | 0.9 | −40.1 | 3.8 |
GE-3 | Geode crystal (3 cm from the base) | 98 | −1.9 | 0.1 | −5.3 | −57.4 | 1.8 | −39.1 | 3.5 |
GE-4 | Geode crystal (4 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.5 | 0.0 | −5.9 | −57.4 | 1.2 | −39.1 | 8.2 |
GE-5 | Geode crystal (5 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.5 | 0.2 | −5.9 | −57.6 | 1.3 | −39.3 | 8.1 |
GE-6 | Geode crystal (6 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.4 | 0.2 | −5.8 | −56.2 | 1.5 | −37.9 | 8.2 |
GE-7 | Geode crystal (7 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.5 | 0.2 | −5.9 | −56.3 | 1.9 | −38.1 | 9.3 |
GE-8 | Geode crystal (8 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.7 | 0.2 | −6.0 | −57.1 | 0.7 | −38.8 | 9.5 |
GE-9 | Geode crystal (9 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.6 | 0.1 | −6.0 | −58.7 | 0.3 | −40.5 | 7.3 |
GE-10 | Geode crystal (10 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.7 | 0.1 | −6.1 | −57.8 | 1.8 | −39.6 | 9.4 |
GE-11 | Geode crystal (11 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.6 | 0.1 | −6.0 | −58.6 | 0.5 | −40.4 | 7.6 |
GE-12 | Geode crystal (12 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.6 | 0.1 | −6.0 | −58.9 | 0.4 | −40.7 | 7.5 |
GE-13 | Geode crystal (13 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.6 | 0.2 | −6.0 | −57.3 | 1.1 | −39.0 | 8.8 |
GE-14 | Geode crystal (14 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.7 | 0.1 | −6.1 | −57.8 | 0.9 | −39.6 | 9.3 |
GE-15 | Geode crystal (15 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.8 | 0.1 | −6.2 | −57.1 | 0.2 | −38.9 | 10.5 |
GE-16 | Geode crystal (16 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.8 | 0.1 | −6.1 | −57.3 | 0.9 | −39.0 | 10.1 |
GE-17 | Geode crystal (17 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.5 | 0.2 | −5.9 | −56.9 | 0.4 | −38.7 | 8.7 |
GE-18 | Geode crystal (18 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.7 | 0.1 | −6.1 | −55.4 | 2.6 | −37.1 | 11.6 |
GE-19 | Geode crystal (19 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.8 | 0.1 | −6.1 | −55.3 | 2.2 | −37.1 | 12.0 |
GE-20 | Geode crystal (20 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.7 | 0.2 | −6.1 | −57.9 | 0.6 | −39.7 | 9.1 |
GE-21 | Geode crystal (21 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.8 | 0.2 | −6.2 | −58.2 | 0.7 | −40.0 | 9.4 |
GE-22 | Geode crystal (22 cm from the base) | 98 | −2.8 | 0.1 | −6.2 | −57.7 | 0.8 | −39.5 | 10.2 |
MI-1 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −3.2 | 0.2 | −6.6 | −62.2 | 0.4 | −44.1 | 8.8 |
MI-2 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −2.5 | 0.2 | −5.8 | −54.9 | 0.5 | −36.6 | 10.1 |
MI-3 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −2.9 | 0.1 | −6.3 | −60.4 | 0.6 | −42.2 | 8.1 |
MI-5 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −3.2 | 0.3 | −6.6 | −60.9 | 0.7 | −42.7 | 10.3 |
MI-10 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −3.0 | 0.1 | −6.3 | −61.8 | 1.3 | −43.6 | 7.1 |
MI-11 | Main mine gallery | 126 | −3.7 | 0.4 | −7.1 | −60.5 | 0.9 | −42.3 | 14.4 |
MI-13 | Main mine gallery | 113 | −2.5 | 0.1 | −5.9 | −60.8 | 0.2 | −42.6 | 4.7 |
MI-14 | Main mine gallery | 110 | −2.9 | 0.2 | −6.3 | −58.4 | 0.4 | −40.2 | 10.3 |
MI-15 | Giant Gypsum Geode | 97 | −3.1 | 0.0 | −6.5 | −58.9 | 0.3 | −40.7 | 11.5 |
MI-16 | Main mine gallery | 106 | −3.5 | 0.0 | −6.9 | −61.6 | 0.4 | −43.4 | 11.9 |
MI-18 | Main mine gallery | 102 | −3.7 | 0.2 | −7.1 | −62.8 | 0.5 | −44.6 | 12.4 |
MI-19 | Main mine gallery | 93 | −2.9 | 0.2 | −6.3 | −60.3 | 0.4 | −42.1 | 8.2 |
MI-20 | Main mine gallery | 93 | −3.5 | 0.2 | −6.8 | −60.4 | 1.3 | −42.2 | 12.5 |
MI-21 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −3.3 | 0.1 | −6.7 | −63.1 | 1.3 | −45.0 | 8.6 |
MI-22 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −3.3 | 0.1 | −6.7 | −62.0 | 0.2 | −43.8 | 9.4 |
MI-24 | Main mine gallery | 128 | −2.9 | 0.1 | −6.3 | −60.1 | 0.9 | −41.9 | 8.3 |
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gázquez, F.; Monteserín, A.; Obert, C.; Münker, C.; Fernández-Cortés, Á.; Calaforra, J.M. The Absolute Age and Origin of the Giant Gypsum Geode of Pulpí (Almería, SE Spain). Geosciences 2022, 12, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040144
Gázquez F, Monteserín A, Obert C, Münker C, Fernández-Cortés Á, Calaforra JM. The Absolute Age and Origin of the Giant Gypsum Geode of Pulpí (Almería, SE Spain). Geosciences. 2022; 12(4):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040144
Chicago/Turabian StyleGázquez, Fernando, Ana Monteserín, Christina Obert, Carsten Münker, Ángel Fernández-Cortés, and José María Calaforra. 2022. "The Absolute Age and Origin of the Giant Gypsum Geode of Pulpí (Almería, SE Spain)" Geosciences 12, no. 4: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040144