Eustatic, Climatic and Tectonic Controls on the Evolution of a Middle to Late Holocene Coastal Dune System in Shimokita, Northeast Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methods
4. Modern Depositional Environments of the Shimokita Peninsula
4.1. Beach Environment
4.2. Coastal Aeolian Dunes
- Unit 1:
- Unit 1 consists of 10–14 m thick pale-orange colored medium sands (Dune I) and underlying 2.0–3.0 m thick grayish-brown clayey organic silts (Paleosol I). The sands are composed of 20–25% quartz, 55–60% feldspar, 10–15% heavy minerals, ~1% rock fragments, and 1–2% biogenic grains. Pristine frustules of Achnanthes bahusiensis, Achnanthes minutissima, Cyclotella striata, Eunotia implicata, Gomphonema parvulum, and Hantzschia distinctepunctata are present in the sands (Supplementary Figure S1). Sedimentary structures include planar and trough cross-bedding, and concave-downward fore sets in the cross-bedded sands.
- Unit 2:
- Unit 2, which overlies Unit 1, consists of ~10 m thick pale-orange medium sands (Dune II) and underlying 1.5–2 m thick gray-brown clayey silts (Paleosol II). The sands are composed of 20–30% quartz, ~60% feldspar, 10–15% heavy minerals, ~1% rock fragments, and 2–3% biogenic grains. The silts contain standing fossil trunks and roots of Thujopsis dolabrata var. Hondai. The sands include pristine frustules of Achnanthes bahusiensis, Achnanthes lanceolata, Cyclotella striata, Eunotia bilunaris, Eunotia pectinalis, and Gomphonema parvulum (Supplementary Figure S1). Sedimentary structures are mostly planar and trough cross-bedding, and concave-downward laminae are rather rare.
- Unit 3:
- Unit 3, which overlies Unit 2, consists of 10–15 m thick gray-yellow medium sands (Dune III) and underlying ~1.5 m thick gray clayey silts (Paleosol III). The sands are composed of 20–25% quartz, 50–60% feldspar, 10–15% heavy minerals, ~1% rock fragments, and ~1% biogenic grains. The sands include pristine frustules of Achnanthes minutissima, Cyclotella comta, Cyclotella striata, Diploneis ovalis, and Gomphonema parvulum (Supplementary Figure S1). Sedimentary structures are mostly planar and trough cross-bedding.
- Unit 4:
- Unit 4, which overlies Unit 3, consists of ~10 m thick gray-white medium sands (Dune IV) and underlying ~1 m thick grayish clayey silt (Paleosol IV). The sands are composed of 20–25% quartz, 55–60% feldspar, 10–15% heavy minerals, ~1% rock fragments, and 2–3% biogenic grains. The silts contain standing fossil trunks and roots of Thujopsis dolabrata var. Hondai. Pristine frustules of Achnanthes bahusiensis, Achnanthes minutissima, Diploneis interrupta, Gomphonema parvulum, Hantzschia distinctepunctata, and Navicula clementis are present within the sand. Sedimentary structures are mostly planar and trough cross-bedding, and concave-downward fore sets are present in cross-bedded sands.
4.3. Lacustrine Environments
4.4. Fluvial Systems
4.5. Alluvial Systems
5. Core Descriptions
5.1. Core Taken from Lake Obuchi
- Unit 1:
- Unit 1 (1.5–0 cm core depth) is 1.5 cm thick silty ooze (Figure 3A) of algal remains and humic micro-debris, living and fossil foraminifers, very fine sand, and silt. The very fine sand and silt are composed of 20–30% quartz and 70–80% feldspars. The ooze yields the following diatoms: Achnanthes biasolettiana, Achnanthes minutissima, Achnanthes lanceolata, Cymbella aspera, Cyclotella comta, Diploneis ovalis, Eunotia bilunaris, Eunotia implicata, Eunotia pectinalis var. minor, Gomphonema parvulum, Hantzschia amphioxys, Navicula clementis, Navicula peregrine, Nitzschia parvula, Pinnularia karelica, Pinnularia viridis, and Stauroneis prominula (Supplementary Figure S1). Calcareous benthic foraminifers are Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus), Buccella frigida (Cushman), Cibicides refulgens Montfort, Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus), Elphidium subarcticum Cushman, and Elphidium subincertum Asano (Supplementary Figure S5, Supplementary Table S2). Agglutinated species do not occur. The ooze lacks sediment fabric.
- Unit 2:
- Unit 2 (3.5 ± 0.5–1.5 cm core depth) is a 2-cm thick light-gray well-sorted fine sand (Figure 3A) composed of ~30% quartz, ~60% feldspars, and ~10% biogenic grains. The sand yields abundant calcareous foraminifers of Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus) and Cibicides refulgens Montfort (Supplementary Table S2). Pristine frustules were not detected. The sand lacks bedding features and sediment size grading.
- Unit 3:
- Unit 3 (9.5–3.5 ± 0.5 cm core depth) is a 6-cm thick gray well-sorted medium sand (Figure 3A) composed of 25–30% quartz, 55–60% feldspar, 5–7% heavy minerals, 2–4% rock fragments, and ~1% biogenic grains. The sand yields fragmented frustules of the following diatoms: Achnanthes minutissima, Diploneis ovalis, Navicula clementis, and Pinnularia karelica (Supplementary Figure S1). Calcareous benthic foraminifers are Ammobaculites sp., Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus), Cibicides refulgens Montfort, Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus), Elphidium subincertum Asano, and Trochammina hadai Uchio (Supplementary Table S2). Agglutinated species of Ammobaculites sp., Trochammina hadai Uchio, and Trochammina sp. occur throughout the section. Broken bivalvian shells of Macoma balthica Yamamoto and Habe and Potamocorbula amurensis Schrenck occur from the upper half of the unit at core depth of 6.5 to 4.0 cm. The sand lacks bedding features and sediment size grading (Figure 3B).
- Unit 4:
- Unit 4 (29–9.5 cm core depth) is a 19.5-cm thick dark-gray to dark-brown sandy organic mud (Figure 3A). Sand grains are composed of 30–35% quartz, 55–60% feldspar, ~1% heavy minerals, and 5–10% rock fragments. The mud contains abundantly pristine valves of the following diatoms: Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella aspera, Cyclotella comta, Diploneis ovalis, Eunotia implicata, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula clementis, Navicula peregrine, Pinnularia karelica, and Stauroneis prominula (Supplementary Figure S1). Calcareous benthic foraminifers are Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus), Cibicides refulgens Montfort, Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus), Elphidium subarcticum Cushman, Elphidium subincertum Asano, and Pararotalia nipponica (Asano), and Ammonia beccarii occur throughout the section (Supplementary Table S2). Agglutinated species are Ammobaculites sp., Trochammina hadai Uchio, and Trochammina sp. The mud lacks bedding features.
- Unit 5:
- Unit 5 (81.5–29.0 cm core depth) is a 52.5-cm thick gray medium/coarse sand (Figure 3A) composed of 25–30% quartz, 50–60% feldspar, 2–5% heavy minerals, 3–5% rock fragments, and 2–5% biogenic grains. The sand includes frustules of the following diatoms: Achnanthes minutissima, Diploneis ovalis, Navicula clementis, and Pinnularia karelica (Supplementary Figure S1). Calcareous benthic foraminifers of Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus), Cibicides refulgens Montfort and Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus), and Elphidium subarcticum Cushman occur from the upper half of the section (29.0–48.0 cm; Supplementary Table S2). The sand yields planktic foraminifers of Globigerinoides ruber (d’Orbigny), Globorotalia inflata (d’Orbigny), and Neogloboquadrina incompta (Cifelli) in the middle of the unit (42.0–56.0 cm). Cross lamination is present in the top of the unit, and fining-upward cycles are present throughout the sand (Figure 3B). Well-rounded pebbles and shells occur at the transition from Unit 6 (80.0–81.5 cm).
- Unit 6:
- Unit 6 (288–81.5 cm core depth) is a 206.5-cm thick dark-gray to black organic mud (Figure 3A). The unit contains beds of light-gray silty fine sand at two horizons (231.0–227.0 cm, 86.0–84.0 cm). The sand is composed of ~35% quartz and ~65% feldspars. A thin tephra layer is present at the top of this unit (289.0–288.0 cm core depth). The tephra is feldspathic and includes pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide minerals. The pristine valves of the following diatoms are present throughout this unit: Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella aspera, Cyclotella comta, Diploneis ovalis, Eunotia implicata, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula clementis, Navicula peregrine, Pinnularia karelica, and Stauroneis prominula (Supplementary Figure S1). The mud contains abundant Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus) at three horizons (99.0 cm, 190 cm, and 251.0 cm) densely at three horizons (99.0 cm, 190.0 cm, and 251.0 cm). The unit lacks sediment fabric. An AMS age range of A. beccarii from the mud bed (82 to 83 cm core depth at the top of Unit 6 is 470 ± 49 cal. yr. BP (2 standard deviation)).
- Unit 7:
- Unit 7 (414.0–288.0 cm core depth) is a 126 cm thick dark-gray tuffaceous mud (Figure 3A). The mud contains beds of light-gray fine sand at the depth of 361.0–359.0 cm. The sand is composed of quartz (~30%) and feldspar (~70%). Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus) occurs abundantly at two horizons (99.0 cm, 190.0 cm, and 251.0 cm; Figure 1A). The mud contains pristine valves of the following diatoms: Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella aspera, Cyclotella comta, Diploneis ovalis, Eunotia implicata, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula clementis, Navicula peregrine, Pinnularia karelica, and Stauroneis prominula (Supplementary Figure S1). The mud lacks bedding features.
- Unit 8:
- Unit 8 (10,000.0–414.0 cm core depth) is a 586-cm thick gray medium sand (Figure 3A) composed of 25–30% quartz, 55–60% feldspar, 6–9% heavy minerals, and 1–2% rock fragments. No fossils were observed. The sand lacks bedding and grading.
5.2. Core Taken from the Tashiro Wetland
- Unit 5:
- (781.0–0.0 cm) is homogeneous dark-gray peat with three felsic sand beds and three light-gray feldspathic tephra layers. The sand beds, approximately 3.0 cm thick, are intercalated at 551.0–548.0, 344.0–339.0, and 322.0–320.0 cm core depth. The tephra layers are present at 348.0–344.0, 76.0–65.0, and 62.0–58.0 cm core depth.
- Unit 4:
- Unit 4 (798.0–781.0 cm) is 17.0-cm thick dark-gray clayey mud.
- Unit 3:
- Unit 3 (820.0–798.0 cm) is 22.0-cm thick dark-gray massive peat with volcanic pebbles.
- Unit 2:
- Unit 2 (864.0–820.0 cm) consists of 21.0-cm thick coarse sand with thin felsic tephra at the core depth of 842.0–839.0 cm.
- Unit 1:
- Unit 1 (880.0–864.0 cm) is 31.0-cm thick light-gray pumiceous tephra.
6. Interpretation of the Outcrops/Exposures and the Cores
6.1. Outcrops and Exposures among the Coastal Aeolian Dunes
6.2. Outcrops and Exposures in the Fluvial Environments
6.3. Lake Obuchi Core
6.4. The Tashiro Wetland Core
7. Discussion
7.1. Climatic Influence on Dune Growth
7.2. Holocene Paleoclimate Reconstruction
7.3. Atmospheric Background on Local Vegetation
7.4. Meteorological Impact on Dunes
7.5. Global and Local Control on Dune Growth
7.6. Effects of Marine Events on Aeolian Dune Landforms and Coastal Environments
7.7. Effects of Undersea Dynamics on Dune Stability
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Szkornik, K.; Gehrels, W.R.; Murray, A.S. Aaeolian sand movement and relative sea-level rise in Ho Bugt, western Denmark, during the ‘Little Ice Age’. Holocene 2008, 18, 951–965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hesp, P.A. Dune coasts. In Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, Waltham; Wolanski, E., McLusky, D.S., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2011; Volume 3, pp. 193–221. [Google Scholar]
- Maüz, B.; Hijma, M.P.; Amorosi, A.; Porat, N.; Galili, E.; Bloemendal, J. Aaeolian beach ridges and their significance for climate and sea level: Concept and insight from the Levant coast (East Mediterranean). Earth Sci. Rev. 2013, 121, 31–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pye, K.; Tsoar, H. Aaeolian Sands and Sand Dunes, 2nd ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; p. 458. [Google Scholar]
- Bauer, B.; Sherman, D. Coastal dune dynamics: Problems and Prospects. In Aaeolian Environments, Sediments and Landforms; Goudie, S.A., Livingstone, I., Stokes, S., Eds.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1999; pp. 71–104. [Google Scholar]
- Davidson-Arnott, R.G.D. Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2010; p. 442. [Google Scholar]
- Warren, A. Dunes: Dynamics, Morphology, History, 1st ed.; Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2013; p. 236. [Google Scholar]
- Pye, K. Late Quaternary development of coastal parabolic megadune complexes in northeastern Australia. In Aaeolian Sediments-Ancient and Modern; Pye, N., Lancaster, N., Eds.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1993; pp. 23–44. [Google Scholar]
- Dillenburg, S.R.; Barboza, E.G.; Tomazelli, L.J.; Hesp, P.A.; Clerot, C.P.; Ayup-Zouai, R.N. Geology and Geomorphology of Holocene Coastal Barriers of Brazil. In The Holocene Coastal Barriers of Rio Grande do Sul; Dillenburg, S.R., Hesp, P.A., Eds.; Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; Volume 107, pp. 53–91. [Google Scholar]
- Clemmensen, L.B.; Andreasen, F.; Heinemeier, J.; Murray, A. A Holocene coastal aeolian system, Vejers, Denmark: Landscape evolution and sequence stratigraphy. Terra Nova 2001, 13, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, P.; McGourty, J.; Bateman, M.D. Mid-to late-Holocene coastal dune event stratigraphy for the north coast of Northern Ireland. Holocene 2004, 14, 406–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsoar, H. Sand dunes mobility and stability in relation to climate. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 2005, 357, 50–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aagaard, T.; Orford, J.; Murray, A.S. Environmental controls on coastal dune formation; Skallingen Spit, Denmark. Geomorphology 2007, 83, 29–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roskin, J.; Katra, I.; Blumberg, D.G. Late Holocene dune mobilizations in the northwestern Negev dunefield, Israel: A response to combined anthropogenic activity and short-term intensified windiness. Quat. Int. 2013, 303, 10–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabarrou, S.; Le Cozannet, G.; Parteli, E.; Pedreros, R.; Guerber, E.; Millescamps, B.; Mallet, C.; Oliveros, C. Modelling the Retreat of a Coastal Dune under Changing Winds. J. Coast. Res. 2018, 85, 166–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kocurek, G.; Robinson, N.J.; Sharp, J.M., Jr. The response of the water table in coastal aeolian systems to changes in sea level. Sediment. Geol. 2001, 139, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nordstrom, K.F.; Jackson, N.L. Removing shore protection structures to facilitate migration of landforms and habitats on the bayside of a barrier spit. Geomorphology 2013, 199, 179–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dugan, J.E.; Hubbard, D.M.; Quigley, B.J. Beyond beach width: Steps toward identifying and integrating ecological envelopes with geomorphic features and datums for sandy beach ecosystems. Geomorphology 2013, 199, 95–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Durán, O.; Moore, L.J. Vegetation controls on the maximum size of coastal dunes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 17217–17222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barman, N.K.; Paul, A.K.; Chatterjee, S.; Bera, G.; Kamila, A. Coastal Sand Dune Systems: Location, Formation, Morphological Characteristics Analysis through Vegetation Processes Estimation. J. Geogr. Environ. Earth Sci. Int. 2016, 4, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Da Silva, G.M.; Hesp, P.A. Increasing rainfall, decreasing winds, and historical changes in Santa Catarina dunefields, southern Brazil. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2013, 38, 1036–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miot da Silva, G.; Martinho, C.T.; Hesp, P.; Keim, B.D.; Ferligo, Y. Changes in dunefield geomorphology and vegetation cover as a response to local and regional climate variations. Special Issue. J. Coast. Res. 2013, 65, 1307–1312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pain, C.; Abdelfattah, M.A. Landform evolution in the arid northern United Arab Emirates: Impacts of tectonics, sea level changes and climate. Catena 2015, 134, 14–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendes, V.R.; Giannini, P.C.F. Coastal dunefields of south Brazil as a record of climatic changes in the South American Monsoon System. Geomorphology 2015, 246, 22–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsoar, H.; Levin, N.; Porat, N.; Maia, L.P.; Herrmann, H.J.; Tatumi, S.H.; Claudino-Sales, V. The effect of climate change on the mobility and stability of coastal sand dunes in Ceará State (NE Brazil). Quat. Res. 2009, 71, 217–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nishimori, H.; Tanaka, H. A simple model for the formation of vegetated dunes. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2001, 26, 1143–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Warren, A. Dunes—Dynamics, Morphology, History; Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013; p. 219. [Google Scholar]
- Livingstone, I.; Warren, A. Aaeolian Geomorphology—A New Introduction; Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2019; p. 318. [Google Scholar]
- Mallinson, D.J.; Culver, S.J.; Corbett, D.R.; Parham, P.R.; Shazili, N.A.M.; Yaacob, R. Holocene coastal response to monsoons and relative sea-level changes in northeast peninsular Malaysia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2014, 91, 194–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carter, R.W.G.; Woodroffe, C.D. Coastal Evolution. In Late Quaternary Shoreline Morphodynamics; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1994; p. 517. [Google Scholar]
- Orford, J.D.; Forbes, D.L.; Jennings, S.C. Organisational controls, typologies and time scales of paraglacial gravel-dominated coastal systems. Geomorphology 2002, 48, 51–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinho, C.T.; Dillenburg, S.R.; Hesp, P.A. Wave Energy and Longshore Sediment Transport Gradients Controlling Barrier Evolution in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. J. Coast. Res. 2009, 25, 285–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kilibarda, Z.; Venturelli, R.; Goble, R. Late Holocene dune development and shift in dune-building winds along southern lake Michigan. In Coastline and Dune Evolution Along the Great Lakes; Fisher, T.G., Hansen, E.C., Eds.; Special Paper; The Geological Society of America: Boulder, CO, USA, 2014; Volume 508, pp. 1–19. [Google Scholar]
- Tanino, K.; Hosono, M.; Watanabe, M. Distribution and formation of tephric-loess dunes in northern and eastern Japan. Quat. Int. 2016, 397, 234–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Havholm, K.G.; Ames, D.V.; Whittecar, G.R.; Wenell, B.A.; Riggs, S.R.; Jol, H.M.; Berger, G.W.; Holmes, M.A. Stratigraphy of Back-Barrier Coastal Dunes, Northern North Carolina and Southern Virginia. J. Coast. Res. 2004, 204, 980–999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nara, F.W.; Minoura, K.; Nara, F.W.; Shichi, K.; Horiuchi, K.; Kakegawa, T.; Kawai, T. Last glacial to post glacial climate changes in continental Asia inferred from multi-proxy records (geochemistry, clay mineralogy, and paleontology) from Lake Hovsgol, northwest Mongolia. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2012, 88, 53–63. [Google Scholar]
- Shinozaki, T.; Uchida, M.; Minoura, K.; Kondo, M.; Rella, S.F.; Shibata, Y. Synchronicity of the East Asian Summer Monsoon variability and Northern Hemisphere climate change since the last deglaciation. Clim. Past Discuss. 2011, 7, 2159–2192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cadet, J.-P.; Kobayashi, K.; Aubouin, J.; Boulègue, J.; Deplus, C.; Dubois, J.; Von Huene, R.; Jolivet, L.; Kanazawa, T.; Kasahara, J.; et al. The Japan Trench and its juncture with the Kuril Trench: Cruise results of the Kaiko project, Leg 3. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 83, 267–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cadet, J.P.; Kobayashi, K.; Lallemand, S.; Jolivet, L.; Aubouin, J.; Boulègue, J.; Dubois, J.; Hotta, H.; Ishii, T.; Konishi, K.; et al. Deep scientific dives in the Japan and Kuril Trenches. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 83, 313–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minoura, K.; Hirano, S.-I.; Yamada, T. Identification and possible recurrence of an oversized tsunami on the Pacific coast of northern Japan. Nat. Hazards 2013, 68, 631–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naruse, T. Coastal sand dunes in Japan. Geogr. Rev. Jpn. 1989, 62, 129–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matsumoto, H. Beach ridge ranges on Holocene Coastal plains in northeast Japan: The formative factors and periods. Geogr. Rev. Jpn. 1984, 57, 720–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tamura, T.; Kodama, Y.; Bateman, M.D.; Saitoh, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Matsumoto, D.; Yamaguchi, N. Coastal barrier dune construction during sea-level highstands in MIS 3 and 5a on Tottori coast-line, Japan. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 2011, 308, 492–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chigama, A.; Tada, S.; Aonuma, T. Geological elucidation of paleotsunamis and the origin of fossil forests in Shimokita. J. Seism. Soc. Jpn. 1998, 51, 61–73. [Google Scholar]
- Aomori Higashidori Village Board of Education. Archaeological Excavation Reports with Higashidori Village’s History Editing; Aomori Higashidori Village Board of Education: Higashidori, Japan, 1995; p. 17. [Google Scholar]
- Tanino, K. Environments of the Formation of Dunes at Shiriyazaki in the Shimokita Peninsula, Aomori Prefecture. Quat. Res. 2000, 39, 471–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tanino, K.; Hosono, M.; Watanabe, M. Physicochemical properties and geomorphic history of tephric-loess-derived dunes in Shiriyazaki, Japan. Geogr. Rev. Jpn. 2013, 86, 229–247. [Google Scholar]
- Endo, K. Formation of Holocene Sand Dunes in Japan. Geogr. Rev. Jpn. 1969, 42, 159–163. [Google Scholar]
- Saito, K.; Yoshioka, K.; Ishizuka, K. Ecological studies on the vegetation of dunes near Sarugamori, Aomori Prefecture. Ecol. Rev. 1965, 16, 163–180. [Google Scholar]
- Okamoto, T.; Daimaru, H.; Ikeda, S.; Yoshinaga, S. Human impacts on the formation of the buried forests of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai in the northeastern part of Shimokita Peninsula, northern Japan. Quat. Res. 2000, 39, 215–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Minoura, K.; Gusiakov, V.; Kurbatov, A.V.; Takeuti, S.; Svendsen, J.; Bondevik, S.; Oda, T. Tsunami sedimentation associated with the 1923 Kamchatka earthquake. Sediment. Geol. 1996, 106, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKee, E.D. Structures of dunes at white sands national monument, New Mexico (and a comparison with structures of dunes from other selected areas). Sedimentology 1966, 7, 3–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goudie, A. Parabolic Dunes: Distribution, form, morphology and change. Ann. Ari. Zone 2011, 50, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Nakamura, H.; Izumi, T.; Sampe, T. Interannual and decadal modulations recently observed in the Pacific storm track activity and East Asian winter monsoon. J. Clim. 2002, 15, 1855–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horiuchi, K.; Sonoda, S.; Matsuzaki, H.; Ohyama, M. Radiocarbon Analysis of Tree Rings from a 15.5-Cal kyr BP Pyroclastically Buried Forest: A Pilot Study. Radiocarbon 2007, 49, 1123–1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yoshida, A.; Takeuti, S. Quantitative reconstruction of palaeoclimate from pollen profiles in northeastern Japan and the timing of a cold reversal event during the Last Termination. J. Quat. Sci. 2009, 24, 1006–1015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takaya, K.; Nakamura, H. Low frequent variability of the Siberian High and East Asian winter monsoon. Low Temp. Sci. 2007, 65, 31–42. [Google Scholar]
- Clift, P.D.; Plumb, R.A. The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2008; p. 270. [Google Scholar]
- Ikawa, M.; Mizuno, H.; Matsuo, T.; Murakami, M.; Yamada, Y.; Saito, K. Numerical Modeling of the Convective Snow Cloud over the Sea of Japan−Precipitation Mechanism and Sensitivity to Ice Crystal Nucleation Rates. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1991, 69, 641–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kodama, Y.-M.; Maki, M.; Ando, S.-I.; Otsuki, M.; Inaba, O.; Inoue, J.; Koshimae, N.; Nakai, S.; Yagi, T. A Weak-wind Zone Accompanied with Swelled Snow Clouds in the Upstream of a Low-altitude Ridge. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1999, 77, 1039–1059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hirose, N.; Fukudome, K.-I. Monitoring the Tsushima Warm Current Improves Seasonal Prediction of the Regional Snowfall. SOLA 2006, 2, 61–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tosaka, H. Time and spatial balance of infiltration and discharge in hydrologic system. J. Jpn. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. 2012, 42, 43–51. [Google Scholar]
- Kaiko, I. Topography and Structure of Trenches around Japan: Data of the Franco-Japanese Kaiko Project, Phase I; Research Group, Ed.; Ocean Research Institute: Tokyo, Japan, 1986; p. 305. [Google Scholar]
- Nemoto, N.; Minoura, K. Post-Pliocene geostructural elements in Aomori Prefecture. Earth Sci. 1999, 21, 576–582. [Google Scholar]
- Usami, T.; Ishii, H.; Imamura, T.; Takemura, M.; Matsuura, R. Materials for Comprehensive List of Destructive Earthquakes in Japan; University of Tokyo Press: Tokyo, Japan, 2013; p. 724. [Google Scholar]
- Nemoto, N.; Minoura, K. Destruction of artificial beach–ridges by supercritical flow: An example of flood damages by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami. Earth Sci. 2012, 66, 209–210. [Google Scholar]
- Whitmore, G.P.; Crook, K.A.; Johnson, D.P. Grain size control of mineralogy and geochemistry in modern river sediment, New Guinea collision, Papua New Guinea. Sediment. Geol. 2004, 171, 129–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schrader, H.J. Cenozoic diatoms from the northeast Pacific, Leg 18. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Geology 1973, 18, 673–797. [Google Scholar]
- Santrock, J.; Studley, S.A.; Hayes, J.M. Isotopic analyses based on the mass spectra of carbon dioxide. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1444–1448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yoshida, A. Paleo-environment Changes since ca. 13,000 yrs BP in Tashiro Mire, Aomori Prefecture, Northeast Japan. Quat. Res. 2006, 45, 423–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ueda, S.; Kawabata, H.; Hisamatsu, S.; Inaba, J.; Hosoda, M.; Yokoyama, M.; Kondo, K. Structural characteristics of the halocline in shallow brackish Lake Obuchi. Jpn. J. Limnol. 2002, 63, 125–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Melles, M.; Brigha-Grette, J.; Minyuk, P.S.; Nowaczyk, N.R.; Wennrich, V.; DeConto, R.M.; Anderson, P.M.; Andreev, A.A.; Coletti, A.; Cook, T.L.; et al. 2.8 Million years of Arctic climate change from Lake El’gygytgyn, NE Russia. Science 2012, 337, 315–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakagawa, T.; Tarasov, P.; Nishida, K.; Gotanda, K.; Yasuda, Y. Quantitative pollen-based climate reconstruction in central Japan: Application to surface and Late Quaternary spectra. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21, 2099–2113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gotanda, K.; Nakagawa, T.; Tarasov, P.; Kitagawa, J.; Inoue, Y.; Yasuda, Y. Biome classification from Japanese pollen data: Application to modern-day and Late Quaternary samples. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21, 647–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakagawa, T.; Kitagawa, H.; Yasuda, Y.; Tarasov, P.E.; Gotanda, K.; Sawai, Y. Pollen/event stratigraphy of the varved sediment of Lake Suigetsu, central Japan from 15,701 to 10,217 SG vyr BP (Suigetsu varve years before present): Description, interpretation, and correlation with other regions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2005, 24, 1691–1701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stuiver, M.; Reimer, P.J.; Reimer, R.W. CALIB 5.0. [WWW Program and Documentation]. Seattle, Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington. 2005. Available online: http://radiocarbon.pa.qub.ac.uk/calib/calib.html (accessed on 20 April 2016).
- Reimer, P.J.; Bard, E.; Bayliss, A.; Beck, J.W.; Blackwell, P.G.; Bronk Ramsey, C.; Buck, C.E.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Friedrich, M.; et al. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 2013, 55, 1869–1887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Danielsen, R.; Castilho, A.M.; Dinis, P.A.; Almeida, A.C.; Callapez, P.M. Holocene interplay between a dune field and coastal lakes in the Quiaios—Tocha region, central littoral Portugal. Holocene 2012, 22, 383–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imai, I. Geological map of Chikagawa, the eastern part of Shimokita. Geological Survey of Japan. Aomori 1959, 9, 1–45. [Google Scholar]
- Nemoto, N.; Ujiie, Y. The Geology of Aomori Prefecture. Daichi 2009, 50, 52–69. [Google Scholar]
- Ueda, S.; Kawabata, H.; Hasegawa, H.; Kondo, K. Characteristics of fluctuations in salinity and water quality in brackish Lake Obuchi. Limnology 2000, 1, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nemoto, N.; Sasaki, H.; Aizawa, T. Distribution of recent foraminifers in Lake Obuchi, Shimokita Peninsula, Northeast Japan. J. Foss. Res. 2016, 48, 66–73. [Google Scholar]
- Mizota, C.; Kusakabe, M. Spatial distribution of δD–δ18O values of surface and shallow groundwaters from Japan, south Korea and east China. Geochem. J. 1994, 28, 387–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oba, T. Paleoenvironmental changes in the Japan Sea and off Kashima over the last 150 kyr. based on oxygen and carbon isotopes of foraminiferal tests. J. Geogr. 2006, 115, 652–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alve, E.; Murray, J.W. Marginal marine environments of the Skagerrak and Kattegat: A baseline study of living (stained) benthic foraminiferal ecology. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 1999, 146, 171–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Selley, R.C. Applied Sedimentology, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 2000; p. 523. [Google Scholar]
- Reading, H.G. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, 3rd ed.; Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK, 1996; p. 688. [Google Scholar]
- Hooke, J. River channel adjustment to meander cutoffs on the River Bollin and River Dane, northwest England. Geomorpholpgy 1995, 14, 235–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toonen, W.H.J.; Kleinhans, M.G.; Cohen, K.M. Sedimentary architecture of abandoned channel fills. Earth Surf. Proc. Landf. 2012, 37, 459–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wood, S.H.; Ziegler, A.D.; Bundarnsin, T. Floodplain deposits, channel changes and riverbank stratigraphy of the Mekong River area at the 14th-Century city of Chiang Saen, Northern Thailand. Geomorphology 2008, 101, 510–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Au, S.F. Vegetatioon and Ecological Processes on Sheckleford Bank, North Carolina; National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series: Washington, DC, USA, 1974; p. 86. [Google Scholar]
- Moretti, M.; Sabato, L. Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant ‘Arcangelo Basin (Southern Italy): Seismic shock vs overloading. Sediment. Geol. 2007, 196, 31–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moretti, M.; Ronchi, A. Liquefaction features interpreted as seismites in the Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Neuquén Basin (Northern Patagonia). Sediment. Geol. 2011, 235, 200–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Postma, G. Water escape structures in the context of a depositional model of mass flow dominated by a conglomeratic fan-delta (Abrioja formation Pliocene) Almeria basin, SE Spain. Sedimentology 1983, 30, 91–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossetti, D.F.; Goes, A. Deciphering the sedimentological imprint of paleoseismic events: An example from the Aptian Codó Formation, northern Brazil. Sediment. Geol. 2000, 135, 137–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molina, J.M.; Alfaro, P.; Moretti, M.; Soria, J.M. Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm waves in tempestites (Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, Spain). Terra Nova 1998, 10, 145–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minoura, K.; Nakaya, S. Traces of Tsunami Preserved in Inter-Tidal Lacustrine and Marsh Deposits: Some Examples from Northeast Japan. J. Geol. 1991, 99, 265–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hiscott, R.N. Traction-Carpet Stratification in Turbidites-Fact or Fiction? J. Sediment. Res. 1994, 64, 204–208. [Google Scholar]
- Shiba, M.; Shigematsu, N.; Sasaki, M. Chemical Compositions of Glass Shards of Some Distal Tephras Distributed in Aomori Prefecture; Bulletin of the Faculty of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University: Hirosaki, Japan, 2000; Volume 3, pp. 11–19. [Google Scholar]
- Hayakawa, Y. Chuseri tephra formation from Towada volcano, Japan. Bull. Volcanol. Soc. Jpn. 1983, 28, 263–273. [Google Scholar]
- Hayakawa, Y. Pyroclastic Geology of Towada Volcano. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo 1985, 60, 507–592. [Google Scholar]
- Kragh, T.; Sand-Jensen, K. Carbon limitation of lake productivity. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2018, 285, 20181415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Oda, M.; Takemoto, A. Planktonic Foraminifera and Paleoceanography in the Domain of the Kuroshio Current around Japan during the Last 20,000 Years. Quat. Res. 1992, 31, 341–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moodley, L.; Hess, C. Tolerance of Infaunal Benthic Foraminifera for Low and High Oxygen Concentrations. Biol. Bull. 1992, 183, 94–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ando, K. Environmental Indicators Based on Freshwater Diatom Assemblages and Its Application to Reconstruction of Paleo-environments. Ann. Tohoku Geogr. Asocciation 1990, 42, 73–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Minoura, K. Hydro-sedimentological study of tsunami run-up. Iwanami Kagaku 2011, 81, 1077–1082. [Google Scholar]
- Minoura, K.; Sugawara, D.; Yamanoi, T.; Yamada, T. Aftereffects of Subduction-Zone Earthquakes: Potential Tsunami Hazards along the Japan Sea Coast. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2015, 237, 91–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Horn, S.; Schmincke, H.U. Volatile emission during the eruption of Baitoushan Volcano (China/North Korea) ca. 969 AD. Bull. Volcanol. 2000, 61, 537–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inoue, Y.; Hiradate, S.; Sase, T.; Hosono, M. Using 14C dating of stable humin fractions to assess upbuilding pedogenesis of a buried Holocene humic soil horizon, Towada volcano, Japan. Geoderma 2011, 167, 85–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- International Atomic Energy Agency. Isotope Hydrology Information System. The Isotope Hydrology Information System (ISOHIS) Database. 2006. Available online: http://isohis.iaea.org (accessed on 23 March 2018).
- Herzschuh, U. Palaeo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during the last 50,000 years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2006, 25, 163–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wanner, H.; Beer, J.; Bütikofer, J.; Crowley, T.J.; Cubasch, U.; Flückiger, J.; Goosse, H.; Grosjean, M.; Joos, F.; Kaplan, J.O.; et al. Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: An overview. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27, 1791–1828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Y.X. On Some Problems of Asian monsoon. In Some Questions about the East Asian Monsoon; Gao, Y.X., Ed.; Science Press: Beijing, China, 1962; pp. 1–49. [Google Scholar]
- Porter, S.C.; An, Z. Correlation between climate events in the North Atlantic and China during the last glaciations. Nature 1995, 375, 305–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dykoski, C.A.; Edwards, R.L.; Cheng, H.; Yuan, D.; Cai, Y.; Zhang, M.; Lin, Y.; Qing, J.; An, Z.; Revenaugh, J. A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 233, 71–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takei, T.; Minoura, K.; Tsukawaki, S.; Nakamura, T. Intrusion of a branch of the Oyashio Current into the Japan Sea during the Holocene. Paleoceanography 2002, 17, 11-1–11-10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamamoto, M.; Sai, H.; Chen, M.-T.; Zhao, M. The East Asian winter monsoon variability in response to precession during the past 150,000 yr. Clim. Past 2013, 9, 2777–2788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andersen, K.K.; Azuma, N.; Barnola, J.M.; Bigler, M.; Biscaye, P.; Caillon, N.; Chappellaz, J.; Clausen, H.B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Fischer, H.; et al. North Greenland Ice Core Project Members. High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature 2004, 431, 147–151. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, P.K.; Zhang, D. Recent Studies of the Reconstruction of East Asian Monsoon Climate in the Past Using Historical Literature of China. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 1992, 70, 423–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- An, Z. The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2000, 19, 171–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yancheva, G.; Nowaczyk, N.R.; Mingram, J.; Dulski, P.; Schettler, G.; Negendank, J.F.W.; Liu, J.; Sigman, D.M.; Peterson, L.C.; Haug, G.H. Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon. Nat. Cell Biol. 2007, 445, 74–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qian, W.; Zhu, Y. Little Ice Age Climate near Beijing, China, Inferred from Historical and Stalagmite Records. Quat. Res. 2002, 57, 109–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jhun, J.-G.; Lee, E.-J. A New East Asian Winter Monsoon Index and Associated Characteristics of the Winter Monsoon. J. Clim. 2004, 17, 711–726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsuji, S.; Miyaji, N.; Yoshikawa, M. Tephrostratigraphy and vegetational changes since Latest Pleistocene time in the north Hakkoda mountains, Northern Japan. Quat. Res. 1983, 21, 301–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minoura, K.; Akaki, K.; Nemoto, N.; Tsukawaki, S.; Nakamura, T. Origin of deep water in the Japan Sea over the last 145kyr. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 2012, 339, 25–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siddall, M.; Rohling, E.J.; Almogi-Labin, A.; Hemleben, C.; Meischner, D.; Schmelzer, I.; Smeed, D.A. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature 2003, 423, 853–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, L.; Walstra, D.-J.R.; Storms, J.E.A. The Impact of Wave-Induced Longshore Transport on a Delta-Shoreface System. J. Sediment. Res. 2015, 85, 6–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nanayama, F.; Furukawa, R.; Shigeno, K.; Makino, A.; Soeda, Y.; Igarashi, Y. Nine unusually large tsunami deposits from the past 4000 years at Kiritappu marsh along the southern Kuril Trench. Sediment. Geol. 2007, 200, 275–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, H. Comprehensive List of Tsunamis to Hit the Japanese Islands, 2nd ed.; Tokyo University Press: Tokyo, Japan, 1998; p. 238. [Google Scholar]
- Sawai, Y.; Kamataki, T.; Shishikura, M.; Nasu, H.; Okamura, Y.; Satake, K.; Thomson, K.H.; Matsumoto, D.; Fujii, Y.; Komatsubara, J.; et al. Aperiodic recurrence of geologically recorded tsunamis during the past 5500 years in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 2009, 114, B01319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okamura, Y.; Namegaya, Y. Reconstruction of the 17th century Kuril multi-segment earthquake. Geological Survey of Japan. Ann. Rep. Act. Fault Paleoearthq. Res. 2011, 11, 15–20. [Google Scholar]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Minoura, K.; Nakamura, N. Eustatic, Climatic and Tectonic Controls on the Evolution of a Middle to Late Holocene Coastal Dune System in Shimokita, Northeast Japan. Geosciences 2020, 10, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100410
Minoura K, Nakamura N. Eustatic, Climatic and Tectonic Controls on the Evolution of a Middle to Late Holocene Coastal Dune System in Shimokita, Northeast Japan. Geosciences. 2020; 10(10):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100410
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinoura, Koji, and Norihiro Nakamura. 2020. "Eustatic, Climatic and Tectonic Controls on the Evolution of a Middle to Late Holocene Coastal Dune System in Shimokita, Northeast Japan" Geosciences 10, no. 10: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100410