Differences in the Behavioral Parameters of Young Zebu and Composite Bulls Kept on Non-Forested or in Integrated Crop–Livestock–Forestry Systems
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Place, Period, and Climate Characterization
2.2. Bioethics
2.3. Meteorological Variables and Thermal Comfort Indices
2.4. Characterization of Production Systems
2.5. Experimental Animals and Management
2.6. Sensor-Based Behavioral Assessment
2.7. Direct Behavioral Assessment
2.8. Cortisol Dosage
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microclimate of Production Systems
3.2. Sensor-Based Behavioral Assessment
3.3. Direct Behavioral Assessment
3.4. Cortisol Concentrations
4. Discussion
4.1. Microclimate of Production Systems
4.2. Behavioral Assessment
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process
References
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Time | Positioning | FS | ICLF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | ||
8:00–9:00 h | In the sun | 2.85 | 2.61 | 0.252 | 0.94 | 2.24 b | 5.80 a | 0.252 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 2.87 b | 5.05 a | 0.658 | 0.01 | |||
9:00–10:00 h | In the sun | 13.33 | 12.95 | 0.252 | 0.94 | 7.98 b | 10.47 a | 0.252 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 7.87 a | 3.83 b | 0.658 | 0.01 | |||
10:00–11:00 h | In the sun | 26.57 | 26.11 | 0.252 | 0.94 | 4.83 b | 6.42 a | 0.252 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 5.67 a | 3.92 b | 0.658 | 0.01 | |||
11:00–12:00 h | In the sun | 26.26 a | 21.29 b | 0.252 | 0.04 | 6.86 | 7.44 | 0.252 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 7.24 a | 4.57 b | 0.658 | 0.01 | |||
12:00–13:00 h | In the sun | 15.95 | 16.85 | 0.252 | 0.94 | 10.28 a | 7.38 b | 0.252 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 7.30 a | 5.31 b | 0.658 | 0.01 | |||
13:00–14:00 h | In the sun | 15.66 a | 10.58 b | 0.252 | 0.04 | 8.10 a | 6.28 b | 0.252 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 6.28 a | 4.57 b | 0.658 | 0.01 | |||
14:00–15:00 h | In the sun | 9.99 a | 5.82 b | 0.252 | 0.04 | 2.54 | 2.31 | 0.252 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 4.03 | 4.98 | 0.658 | 0.99 | |||
15:00–16:00 h | In the sun | 4.37 b | 5.62 a | 0.252 | 0.04 | 1.37 b | 3.30 a | 0.252 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 0.65 b | 2.58 a | 0.658 | 0.01 |
Time | Positioning | FS | ICLF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | ||
8:00–9:00 h | In the sun | 35.49 a | 24.44 b | 0.235 | 0.01 | 17.82 a | 12.63 b | 0.235 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 14.22 a | 9.37 b | 0.690 | 0.01 | |||
9:00–10:00 h | In the sun | 33.55 a | 28.88 b | 0.235 | 0.01 | 8.60 | 8.42 | 0.235 | 0.98 |
In the shade | - | - | 7.03 | 7.84 | 0.690 | 0.98 | |||
10:00–11:00 h | In the sun | 16.64 a | 11.72 b | 0.235 | 0.01 | 9.63 a | 7.03 b | 0.235 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 5.56 | 5.70 | 0.690 | 0.98 | |||
11:00–12:00 h | In the sun | 14.43 | 15.46 | 0.235 | 0.68 | 8.03 | 8.48 | 0.235 | 0.98 |
In the shade | - | - | 3.09 | 3.76 | 0.690 | 0.98 | |||
12:00–13:00 h | In the sun | 12.13 a | 7.37 b | 0.235 | 0.01 | 4.51 | 4.90 | 0.235 | 0.98 |
In the shade | - | - | 3.57 | 2.96 | 0.690 | 0.98 | |||
13:00–14:00 h | In the sun | 14.17 a | 8.97 b | 0.235 | 0.01 | 3.90 | 3.84 | 0.235 | 0.98 |
In the shade | - | - | 5.50 a | 3.60 b | 0.690 | 0.01 | |||
14:00–15:00 h | In the sun | 14.23 | 13.33 | 0.235 | 0.68 | 4.08 b | 6.77 a | 0.235 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 7.48 a | 6.37 b | 0.690 | 0.01 | |||
15:00–16:00 h | In the sun | 9.82 a | 7.58 b | 0.235 | 0.01 | 1.61 b | 3.73 a | 0.235 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 4.85 a | 3.48 b | 0.690 | 0.01 |
Time | Positioning | FS | ICLF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | ||
8:00–9:00 h | In the sun | 53.26 b | 64.28 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 14.42 | 14.42 | 0.323 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 14.80 b | 19.95 a | 1.227 | 0.01 | |||
9:00–10:00 h | In the sun | 40.50 b | 44.27 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 21.20 a | 18.36 b | 0.323 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 15.02 b | 17.20 a | 1.227 | 0.01 | |||
10:00–11:00 h | In the sun | 35.45 b | 44.60 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 33.78 | 36.23 | 0.323 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 12.12 b | 12.30 a | 1.227 | 0.01 | |||
11:00–12:00 h | In the sun | 40.57 b | 49.80 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 38.19 b | 42.69 a | 0.323 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 11.75 a | 11.27 b | 1.227 | 0.01 | |||
12:00–13:00 h | In the sun | 56.42 b | 61.62 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 33.56 b | 47.37 a | 0.323 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 13.70 a | 10.06 b | 1.227 | 0.01 | |||
13:00–14:00 h | In the sun | 61.82 b | 72.89 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 35.11 b | 40.99 a | 0.323 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 14.31 a | 12.94 b | 1.227 | 0.01 | |||
14:00–15:00 h | In the sun | 63.78 b | 68.13 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 27.46 b | 33.71 a | 0.323 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 22.87 a | 19.05 b | 1.227 | 0.01 | |||
15:00–16:00 h | In the sun | 76.23 b | 79.76 a | 0.323 | 0.01 | 25.76 | 27.59 | 0.323 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 36.13 a | 31.09 b | 1.227 | 0.01 |
Time | Positioning | FS | ICLF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | ||
8:00–9:00 h | In the sun | 1.07 | 1.20 | 0.808 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 1.05 | 0.808 | 0.18 |
In the shade | - | - | 0.00 | 2.92 | 1.317 | 0.18 | |||
9:00–10:00 h | In the sun | 2.78 | 2.71 | 0.808 | 0.45 | 3.56 | 3.89 | 0.808 | 0.18 |
In the shade | - | - | 11.80 a | 8.48 b | 1.317 | 0.01 | |||
10:00–11:00 h | In the sun | 6.57 | 5.71 | 0.808 | 0.45 | 4.02 b | 5.66 a | 0.808 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 5.36 b | 7.53 a | 1.317 | 0.01 | |||
11:00–12:00 h | In the sun | 5.67 a | 3.79 b | 0.808 | 0.01 | 3.42 b | 7.70 a | 0.808 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 11.55 a | 5.90 b | 1.317 | 0.01 | |||
12:00–13:00 h | In the sun | 4.75 | 4.52 | 0.808 | 0.45 | 12.49 a | 9.74 b | 0.808 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 5.62 b | 9.34 a | 1.317 | 0.01 | |||
13:00–14:00 h | In the sun | 2.01 | 1.93 | 0.808 | 0.45 | 6.64 b | 12.13 a | 0.808 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 7.78 | 9.16 | 1.317 | 0.18 | |||
14:00–15:00 h | In the sun | 3.47 | 3.60 | 0.808 | 0.45 | 3.62 a | 0.98 b | 0.808 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 10.11 | 10.03 | 1.317 | 0.18 | |||
15:00–16:00 h | In the sun | 2.07 | 1.73 | 0.808 | 0.45 | 2.23 | 2.97 | 0.808 | 0.18 |
In the shade | - | - | 6.04 | 5.97 | 1.317 | 0.18 |
Time | Positioning | FS | ICLF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | Nelore | Canchim | RMSE | p-Value | ||
8:00–9:00 h | In the sun | 3.17 a | 1.97 b | 0.307 | 0.01 | 1.43 a | 0.43 b | 0.307 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 4.06 | 2.92 | 0.562 | 0.99 | |||
9:00–10:00 h | In the sun | 4.67 | 4.33 | 0.307 | 0.68 | 1.52 | 1.12 | 0.307 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 3.44 | 2.42 | 0.562 | 0.99 | |||
10:00–11:00 h | In the sun | 5.78 a | 2.87 b | 0.307 | 0.01 | 3.75 | 3.20 | 0.307 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 2.65 | 1.64 | 0.562 | 0.99 | |||
11:00–12:00 h | In the sun | 2.35 | 2.05 | 0.307 | 0.68 | 3.48 a | 0.56 b | 0.307 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 0.73 | 0.38 | 0.562 | 0.01 | |||
12:00–13:00 h | In the sun | 1.56 | 1.48 | 0.307 | 0.68 | 1.09 a | 0.16 b | 0.307 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 0.14 | 0.51 | 0.562 | 0.99 | |||
13:00–14:00 h | In the sun | 0.89 a | 0.47 b | 0.307 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.307 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 1.15 | 0.88 | 0.562 | 0.99 | |||
14:00–15:00 h | In the sun | 1.68 | 1.86 | 0.307 | 0.68 | 0.35 b | 0.79 a | 0.307 | 0.01 |
In the shade | - | - | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.562 | 0.99 | |||
15:00–16:00 h | In the sun | 1.47 a | 0.84 b | 0.307 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.307 | 0.99 |
In the shade | - | - | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.562 | 0.99 |
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Moraes, M.J.; Castilho, E.F.d.; Balieiro, J.C.d.C.; Bernardi, A.C.d.C.; Barreto, A.d.N.; Pinho, L.F.; Ramos, G.G.; Azevedo, G.N.; Zanetti, L.K.; Garcia, A.R. Differences in the Behavioral Parameters of Young Zebu and Composite Bulls Kept on Non-Forested or in Integrated Crop–Livestock–Forestry Systems. Animals 2024, 14, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060944
Moraes MJ, Castilho EFd, Balieiro JCdC, Bernardi ACdC, Barreto AdN, Pinho LF, Ramos GG, Azevedo GN, Zanetti LK, Garcia AR. Differences in the Behavioral Parameters of Young Zebu and Composite Bulls Kept on Non-Forested or in Integrated Crop–Livestock–Forestry Systems. Animals. 2024; 14(6):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060944
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoraes, Mariana Jucá, Erick Fonseca de Castilho, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro, Alberto Carlos de Campos Bernardi, Andréa do Nascimento Barreto, Lívia Ferreira Pinho, Giovanna Galhardo Ramos, Gabriela Novais Azevedo, Letícia Krügner Zanetti, and Alexandre Rossetto Garcia. 2024. "Differences in the Behavioral Parameters of Young Zebu and Composite Bulls Kept on Non-Forested or in Integrated Crop–Livestock–Forestry Systems" Animals 14, no. 6: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060944
APA StyleMoraes, M. J., Castilho, E. F. d., Balieiro, J. C. d. C., Bernardi, A. C. d. C., Barreto, A. d. N., Pinho, L. F., Ramos, G. G., Azevedo, G. N., Zanetti, L. K., & Garcia, A. R. (2024). Differences in the Behavioral Parameters of Young Zebu and Composite Bulls Kept on Non-Forested or in Integrated Crop–Livestock–Forestry Systems. Animals, 14(6), 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060944