Evaluating the Anesthetic and Physiologic Effects of Intramuscular and Intravenous Alfaxalone in Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bagatto, B.P.; Blaneknship, E.L.; Henry, R.P. Tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222) anesthesia in spiny and Florida soft-shell turtle, Apalone spinifera and Apalone ferox. Bull. Assoc. Reptil. Amphib. Vet. 1997, 7, 9–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greer, L.L.; Jenne, K.J.; Diffs, H.E. Medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 2001, 40, 8–11. [Google Scholar]
- Heard, D.J. Reptile anesthesia. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract. 2001, 4, 83–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moon, P.F.; Stabenau, E.K. Anesthetic and postanesthetic management of sea turtles (Caretta caretta). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1996, 208, 720–726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morici, M.; Spadola, F. Sedation with intracloacal administration of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta). J. Exotic Pet. Med. 2017, 26, 188–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oppenheim, Y.C.; Moon, P.F. Sedative effects of midazolam in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 1995, 26, 409–413. [Google Scholar]
- Rooney, M.B.; Levine, G.; Gaynor, J.; MacDonald, E.; Wimsatt, J. Sevoflurane anesthesia in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 1999, 30, 64–69. [Google Scholar]
- Santos, A.L.Q.; Bosso, A.C.S.; Júnior, J.R.F.A.; Brito, F.M.M.; Pachally, J.R.; Junior, R.H.A. Pharmacological restraint of captivity giant Amazonian turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemididae) with xylazine and propofol. Acta Cirúrgica Bras. 2008, 23, 270–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sladky, K.; Hans, C. Clinical anesthesia in reptiles. J. Exotic Pet. Med. 2001, 21, 17–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sleeman, J.M.; Gaynor, J. Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and reversal with atipamezole in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizi). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2000, 31, 28–35. [Google Scholar]
- Campagna, I.; Schwarz, A.; Keller, S.; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R.; Mosing, M. Comparison of the effects of propfol and alfaxalone for anesthesia induction and maintenance on respiration in cats. Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2015, 42, 484–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muir, W.; Lerche, P.; Wiese, A.; Nelson, L.; Pasloske, K.; Whittem, T. Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects on clinical and supra-clinical doses of alfaxalone in dogs. Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2008, 35, 451–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Psatha, E.; Alibhai, H.I.; Jimenez-Lozano, A.; Armitage-Chan, E.; Brodbelt, D.C. Clinical efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone, or diazepam/fentanyl, for induction of anesthesia in dogs that are a poor anesthetic risk. Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2011, 38, 24–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tamura, J.; Ischizuka, T.; Fukui, S.; Oyama, N.; Kawase, K.; Itami, T.; Miyoshi, K.; Sano, T.; Pasloske, K.; Yamashita, K. Sedative effects of intramuscular alfaxalone administered in cat. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2015, 77, 897–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adami, C.; d’Ovidio, D.; Carsoni, D. Alfaxalone versus alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine anesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis). Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2016, 45, 326–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bertelsen, M.F.; Sauer, C.D. Alfaxalone anesthesia in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2011, 38, 461–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bugman, A.M.; Langer, P.T.; Hadzima, E.; Rivas, A.E.; Mitchell, M.A. Evaluation of the anesthetic efficacy of alfaxalone in oscar fish (Astronous ocellatus). Am. J. Vet. Res. 2016, 77, 239–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kirschinovsky, M.; Duse, A.; Wang, T.; Bertelsen, M.F. Intramuscular administration of alfaxalone in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)-effects of dose and body temperature. Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2013, 40, 3–20. [Google Scholar]
- Hansen, L.L.; Bertelsen, M.F. Assessment of the effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone with and without medetomidine in Horsfield’s tortoises (Agrionemys horsfieldii). Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2013, 40, 68–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olsson, A.; Phalen, D.; Dart, C. Preliminary studies of alfaxalone for intravenous immobilization of juvenile captive estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) and Australian freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) at optimal and selected sub-optimal thermal zones. Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2013, 4, 494–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheelings, T.F. Use of intravenous and intramuscular alfaxalone in Macquarie River turtles (Emydura macquarii). J. Herpetol. Med. Surg. 2013, 23, 91–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shepard, M.K.; Divers, S.; Braun, C.; Hofmeister, E.H. Pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after single-dose intramuscular administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans): A comparison of two different doses at two different ambient temperatures. Vet. Anesth. Anal. 2013, 40, 590–598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morici, M.; Guiuseppe, M.; Spadol, F.; Oliveri, M.; Knotkova, Z.; Knotek, Z. Intravenous alfaxalone anesthesia in leopard geckos (Eublepharis maculiarius). J. Exotic Pet. Med. 2018, 27, 11–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Estes, K.S.; Brewster, M.E.; Webb, A.I. A non-surfactant formulation for alfaxalone based on an amorphous cyclodextrin: Activity studies in rats and dogs. Int. J. Pharm. 1990, 65, 101–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knotek, Z. Alfaxalone as an induction agent for terrapin and tortoise anesthesia. Vet. Rec. 2014, 175, 327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Phillips, B.F.; Posner, L.P.; Lewbart, G.A.; Christiansen, E.F.; Harms, C.A. Effects of alfaxalone administered intravenously to healthy yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at three different doses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2017, 250, 909–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Munoz-Perez, J.P.; Lewbart, G.A.; Hirschfeld, M.; Alarcon-Ruales, D.; Denkinger, J.; Guillermo-Castaneda, J.; Garcia, J.; Lohmann, K.J. Blood gases, biochemistry and haematology of Galapagos hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Conserv. Physiol. 2017, 5, cox028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wolf, K.N.; Harms, C.A.; Beasley, J.F. Evaluation of five clinical chemistry analyzers for use in health assessment in sea turtles. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2008, 233, 470–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doss, G.; Fink, D.M.; Sladky, K.K.; Mans, C. Comparison of subcutaneous dexmedetomidine-midazolam versus alfaxalone-midazolam sedation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2017, 44, 1175–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziolo, M.S.; Bertelsen, M.F. Effects of propofol administered via the supravertebral sinus in red-eared sliders. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2009, 234, 390–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Quesada, R.J.; Aitken-Palmer, C.; Conley, K.; Heard, D.J. Accidental sub-meningeal injection of propofol in gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). Vet. Rec. 2010, 167, 494–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, C.J.A.; Alstrup, A.K.O.; Bertelsen, M.F.; Jensen, H.M.; Leite, C.A.C.; Wang, T. Cardiovascular effects of alfaxalone and propofol in the bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2018, 49, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anesthetic State | Route | Median | 25–75% | Min–Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Induction | IV | 1.5 a | 1–7.5 | 1–21 |
IM | 20 a | 15–22.5 | 15–25 | |
Recovery | IV | 51 | 31.7–62.5 | 31–66 |
IM | 60 | 50–75 | 50–80 | |
Total anesthesia time | IV | 52 b | 34.5–62.5 | 33–87 |
IM | 70 b | 65–82.5 | 65–90 |
Anesthetic State | Media | 25–75% | Min–Max |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 26.1 a,b | 25.1–26.5 | 24.2–30 |
(79) | (77.3–79.8) | (75.5–86) | |
Induction | 28.3 a | 27.8–30.2 | 26.1–31.4 |
(83) | (82.1–86.4) | (79–88.5) | |
Recovery | 28.9 b | 28.2–30.7 | 26.7–32.8 |
(84) | (82.7–87.2) | (80–91) |
Parameter | Turtle | Mean | SD | Min–Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heart rates | 1 | 40 | 7.6 | 28–48 |
2 | 51.3 | 12.2 | 36–68 | |
3 | 48 | 18.4 | 28–80 | |
4 | 48.7 | 13.7 | 32–68 | |
5 | 52 | 5.6 | 44–60 | |
6 | 49.3 | 7.9 | 36–60 | |
Respiratory Rates | 1 | 20 * | 20–41 ** | 20–48 |
2 | 20 * | 8–23 ** | 4–24 | |
3 | 20 * | 13–34 ** | 6–48 | |
4 | 40 * | 22–60 ** | 20–68 | |
5 | 58 * | 17–78 ** | 8–80 | |
6 | 18 * | 4.5–39 ** | 2–44 |
Parameter | Anesthetic State | Mean | SD | Min–Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mg/dL) | Baseline | 51.5 a | 9.34 | 39–66 |
Induction | 69.9 b | 13.1 | 39–78 | |
Recovery | 87.5 a,b | 19.4 | 67–122 | |
pH | Baseline | 7.38 c | 0.11 | 7.23–7.62 |
Induction | 7.27 c,d | 0.09 | 7.12–7.45 | |
Recovery | 7.42 d | 0.1 | 7.23–7.59 | |
pCO2 (%) | Baseline | 45.2 e | 8.7 | 32–62.6 |
Induction | 51.6 | 9.98 | 32.5–69.8 | |
Recovery | 38.6 e | 6.48 | 26.2–47.8 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zec, S.; Mitchell, M.A.; Rockwell, K.; Lindemann, D. Evaluating the Anesthetic and Physiologic Effects of Intramuscular and Intravenous Alfaxalone in Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum). Animals 2024, 14, 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030460
Zec S, Mitchell MA, Rockwell K, Lindemann D. Evaluating the Anesthetic and Physiologic Effects of Intramuscular and Intravenous Alfaxalone in Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum). Animals. 2024; 14(3):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030460
Chicago/Turabian StyleZec, Stephanie, Mark A. Mitchell, Kelly Rockwell, and Dana Lindemann. 2024. "Evaluating the Anesthetic and Physiologic Effects of Intramuscular and Intravenous Alfaxalone in Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum)" Animals 14, no. 3: 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030460
APA StyleZec, S., Mitchell, M. A., Rockwell, K., & Lindemann, D. (2024). Evaluating the Anesthetic and Physiologic Effects of Intramuscular and Intravenous Alfaxalone in Eastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum). Animals, 14(3), 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030460