An Annotated Checklist of Monogeneans (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from Aquatic Vertebrates in Peru: A Review of Diversity, Hosts and Geographical Distribution

Simple Summary

Simple Summary: Monogeneans are flatworm parasites that live principally in the gills of fish and sometimes infect other animals like amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals such as hippos. However, our understanding of these parasites in Peru is limited. To fill this gap, we compiled a detailed list of monogeneans found in Peru by studying the existing literature and examining specimens in collections. This list includes information about diversity, hosts, and geographical distribution. We reported 358 species of monogeneans, mostly infecting fish, with a few infecting amphibians. Most of these parasites live in fresh water, but some are found in marine environments. The most common families of monogeneans are Dactylogyridae and Diplectanidae. Some fish species harbor more parasites than others. However, many species have not been properly studied or collected, highlighting the need for further research to fully understand the diversity of monogeneans in Peruvian aquatic ecosystems.

Abstract

Monogeneans are flatworm parasites that infest fish gills primarily but can also infect various other vertebrates, including amphibians, aquatic reptiles, mammals like hippos, and occasionally invertebrates like copepods, isopods, and cephalopods. Despite their remarkable diversity, our knowledge of monogenean parasites in Peru remains significantly limited, resulting in substantial gaps in our comprehension of their taxonomic identities, host associations, and geographic distribution. To address these knowledge deficits, we present an extensively curated checklist of monogeneans associated with aquatic vertebrates in Peru. This comprehensive compilation is derived from meticulous literature surveys, the examination of specimens deposited in both international and national collections, and the inclusion of additional freshly collected specimens. The checklist offers a thorough repository of data encompassing the diversity, host associations, and geographical distribution of these parasites. Taxonomic discrepancies are addressed through a critical review of the existing literature, supplemented by the direct examination of specimens, including type or voucher specimens, deposited within scientific collections. Additionally, we provide data on the DNA sequences of individual taxa. The compiled list comprises records of 358 monogenean species, including 270 valid species and 88 taxa identified at the family or generic level, all reported across 145 host species in Peru. Predominantly, these parasitic species exhibit associations within fish, with 335 infecting teleosts and 20 affecting chondrichthyans. Three monogenean species have been documented as infecting amphibians, namely Mesopolystoma samiriensis, Polistoma sp. and Wetapolystoma almae. Among the monogeneans reported, 141 were found in marine environments and 214 in freshwater environments. The most diverse families were Dactylogyridae and Diplectanidae, comprising 217 and 24 species, respectively. The hosts that harbored the highest number of monogeneans were Pygocentrus nattereri (with 23 species), followed by Stellifer minor (13 spp.) and Triportheus angulatus (11 spp.). We detected many species that do not have any material deposited in a scientific collection due to the loss or deactivation of the collection. These findings represent only a fraction of the potential diversity, considering the wide variety of aquatic vertebrate hosts inhabiting the tropical and subtropical regions of Peru.

1. Introduction

Monogeneans (Monogenea) constitute a group of flatworms characterized by the presence of a specialized attachment apparatus, known as a haptor, located at the posterior end of the body [1,2]. This taxonomic group encompasses a highly diverse array, primarily consisting of ectoparasites that infest the external surface, including the skin, fins, and gills, of both marine and freshwater fish [1]. Nonetheless, species belonging to the family Polystomatidae Gamble, 1896, infect internal organs like the cloaca or urinary bladder of vertebrate hosts, such as amphibians and aquatic reptiles [3]. Additionally, a subset of these organisms utilizes invertebrates, such as copepods, isopods, and cephalopods, as their direct hosts [4,5,6]. An exceptional case is the species Oculotrema hippopotami Stunkard, 1924, described as a parasite in the ocular cavity of hippopotamuses [7]. Given that monogeneans typically exhibit strict host specificity, they are regarded as suitable models for conducting studies on host–parasite coevolution [8].

According to Luque et al. [9], monogeneans represent the most species-rich group of platyhelminthes in Peru. Research on monogeneans from Peru dates back to the early 1970s [10]. The first monogenean species formally described in Peru was Pseudoeurysorchis sarmientoi Tantaleán, 1974. This diclidophorid species infects the gill filaments of Seriolella violacea [10,11]. Following that, Tantaleán [12,13] described Cynoscionicola sciaenae Tantaleán, 1974, Choricotyle chimbotensis Tantaleán, 1974, and C. peruensis Tantaleán, 1974. Numerous efforts have been undertaken in the past to assess the diversity of these flatworms as parasites in aquatic vertebrates from Peru [14,15,16]. While all of these checklists incorporate findings presented at scientific meetings, it is essential to note that any new records must fulfill specific criteria: they must be supported by deposited specimens in a scientific collection and undergo publication in a scientific journal. In a study conducted less than a decade ago, Luque et al. [9] compiled a comprehensive list of fish monogeneans, identifying a total of 175 species from Peru. Nonetheless, a detailed review of the Luque et al. [9] checklist revealed some discrepancies (i.e., mistaken records, lack of nomenclature updating, etc.).

The main objective of this paper is to present an annotated checklist that succinctly compiles records of monogeneans in aquatic vertebrates from Peru while incorporating new data. This checklist provides comprehensive insights into their hosts, site of infection, geographical distribution, and genetic data. Additionally, it seeks to critically assess reports that introduce doubts or uncertainties. Ultimately, the objective of this study is to shed light on the existing obstacles that impede a thorough understanding of the diversity and host relationships of monogeneans in Peru.

2. Materials and Methods

The database of monogeneans associated with aquatic vertebrates in Peru was compiled using information from three primary sources: (1) an extensive analysis of literature published until November 2023, utilizing various databases (Helminthological Abstracts, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Springer); (2) searches conducted within the database of the following international and national collections (MUSM-HEL, UNMSM-LPFSZ, USNM); and (3) bibliographical searches of articles published in Spanish that have not been indexed in electronic databases. Undergraduate theses and findings presented at scientific meetings were not included due to their lack of formal publication. The compiled monogenean-host list is presented in alphabetical order. Monogenea classification is based on WoRMS [17], and any nomenclatural changes are sourced from specific references mentioned in the notes section. The names of host species follow Froese and Pauly [18] for fish, and AmphibiaWEb [19] for amphibians. For each monogenean species, the database includes the scientific name, authority and year, host species, site of infection, locality, and corresponding reference. In the case of new species, the type locality, type host, and original reference are reported in brackets. In instances where a record is derived from a collection database but has not been published, the collection’s acronym is provided along with the record. Additionally, each record reports the acronym and accession number of the respective collections where the specimens were deposited. The acronyms used in the checklist are shown in

Table 1. Acronyms used in the checklist.

Acronym	Collections
CHIOC	Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Brazil.
CHURP	Helminthological Collection of Ricardo Palma University.
CNHE	National Collection of Helminths at the Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
CPMP	Collection of Protozoa and Metazoan Parasites at Federico Villarreal University, Peru.
HPIA	Collection of Parasitic Helminths and Related Invertebrates at the Natural History Museum of Federico Villarreal University.
IMT	Collection of the “Daniel Alcides Carrión” Tropical Medicine Research Institute
INPA	Zoological Collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
IPCAS	Helminthological Collection of the Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
LAPYSA	Parasitology and Aquaculum Health Laboratory Collection of the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute, Peru.
NHMUK	Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
MUSM-HEL	Helminthological and Minor Invertebrates Collection of the Museum of Natural History at San Marcos University, Peru.
SMNK	State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe, Germany.
UNMSM-LPFSZ	Collection of the Parasitology of Wild Animals and Zoonoses of the Biological Sciences Faculty at San Marcos University, Peru.
USNM	Helminthological Collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, United States.
USNPC	United States National Parasite Collection, United States.

.

3. Results

The database reported from the available literature on monogeneans in Peru comprises records of 270 species recognized as valid, as well as unidentified ones included in 74 genera and 14 families. These monogeneans are associated with 144 vertebrate host taxa, corresponding to 9 taxa of cartilaginous fish, 132 of bony fish, and 3 of amphibians. The records presented in this checklist account for 12 of the 24 Peruvian regions. The most sampled regions are Loreto and Lima, with 181 and 88 registered, respectively, whereas Arequipa and Amazonas have 2 and 3 records of monogeneans. In terms of diversity, the marine fish Stellifer minor Tschudi, 1846 and the freshwater fish Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858, are the host species with the highest species richness across their distributional ranges; the former is distributed along the Peruvian coast and the latter in the Amazon River basin, with 13 and 23 monogenean taxa, respectively. Anacanthorus Mizelle & Price, 1965 and Gussevia Kohn & Paperna, 1964, with 24 and 21, respectively, are the genera with the largest number of species infesting freshwater fish in Peru. In the marine environment, Rhamnocercus Monaco, Wood & Mizelle, 1954 and Hargicotyle Mamaev, 1972, with 9 and 7, respectively, are the most diverse genera.

3.1. Parasite–Host List

Phylum Platyhelminthes Gegenbaur, 1859

Class Monogenea Van Beneden, 1858

Subclass Monopisthocotylea Odhner, 1912

Order Capsalidea Lebedev, 1988

Family Capsalidae Baird, 1853

Benedenia sp.

Isacia conceptionis; gills; marine; La Libertad [20].

Hyporthodus niphobles; gills; marine; Lima (12°28′ S, 76°47′ W) (HPIA 144) [21].

Benedeniella sp.

Myliobatis peruvianus; stomach; marine; Ica [16].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Capsala biparasitica (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938

Thunnus albacares; nasal cavity; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4720a-b) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Capsala gregalis (Wagner & Carter, 1967) Chisholm & Whittington, 2007

Sarda chiliensis; gills, inner surface of the operculum; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (CHURP 531) [23].

Sarda chiliensis; gills; marine; Lima (MUSM-HEL 1101) (unpublished data, MUSM-HEL).

Sarda chiliensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4721a-e) [22].

Remarks

This species was recorded in Peru by Luque and Iannacone [23] as Caballerocotyla australis Oliva, 1986. However, the genus Caballerocotyla Price, 1960 was considered a synonym of Capsala Bosc, 1811 by Chisholm and Whittington [24]. Furthermore, the species is a synonym of Capsala gregalis (Wagner & Carter, 1967) Chisholm & Whittington, 2007. The voucher that was deposited in the CHURP is no longer available, as this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Capsala paucispinosa (Mamaev, 1968) Chisholm & Whittington, 2007

Thunnus obesus; gills; marine; Piura (MUSM-HEL 1520) (new geographical record) (unpublished data, MUSM-HEL).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Capsalidae gen. sp.

Cheilodactylus variegatus; gills; marine; Lima (UNMSM-LPFSZ 420) [25].

Remarks

This species was recorded as Macrophyllida antarctica (Hughes, 1928) Johnston, 1929 by Martínez et al. [25]. However, a taxonomic study of the voucher specimens deposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ revealed that this record is not conspecific with M. antarctica, and actually represents a new genus.

Encotyllabe antofagastensis Sepúlveda, Gonzáles & Oliva, 2014

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 071) [26].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Encotyllabe cheilodactyli Sepúlveda, Gonzáles & Oliva, 2014

Cheilodactylus variegatus; pharyngeal plates; marine; Lima (CPMP 500) (new geographical record) (present study).

Cheilodactylus variegatus; pharyngeal plates; marine; Piura (CPMP 501) (new geographical record) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Encotyllabe pagrosomi MacCallum, 1917

Caulolatilus affinis; gills; marine; Piura (04°13′ S, 81°13′ W) (UNMSM-LPFSZ 436) [27].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Encotyllabe sp1.

Sciaena deliciosa; gills, mouth; marine; Lima (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 277) [28].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills, mouth; marine; Lima [16].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills, opercule; marine; Lima (CPMP 002) [29].

Remarks

These records were previously referred to as Encotyllabe callaoensis Tantaleán, 1973 by both Tantaleán [28] and Chero et al. [29]. However, E. callaoensis is considered a nomen nudum because it was described in an unpublished thesis and was never formally described in accordance with the rules of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) [30]. Consequently, this monogenean needs to be formally described.

Encotyllabe sp2.

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; La Libertad [31].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lambayeque [16].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Encotyllabe sp3.

Aplodactylus punctatus; gills; marine; Ica [16].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Listrocephalos kearni Bullard, Payne & Braswell, 2004

Hypanus dipterurus; skin; marine; Lima (12°09′ S, 77°01′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3243) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Nasicola klawei (Stunkard, 1962) Yamaguti, 1968

Thunnus obesus; nasal cavity; marine; Piura (05°04′ S, 81°06′ W) (UNMSM-LPFSZ 448) [32].

Thunnus albacares; nasal cavity; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4722a-m) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Neobenedenia pacifica Bravo-Hollis, 1971

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°4′ S, 77°10′ W) (CPMP 502) (new geographical record) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Neobenedenia sp.

Opidiidae not identified; gills; marine; Lima [16].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Sprostoniella lamothei Pérez-Ponce de Léon & Mendoza-Garfias, 2000

Parapsettus panamensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (45 °54′ S, 81 °05′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3310) (new geographical record) (present study) [33].

Remarks

This species was recorded as Sprostoniella sp. by Chero et al. [33], but a taxonomic study of the voucher specimens deposited in the MUSM-HEL showed that this record is conspecific with S. lamothei Pérez-Ponce de Léon & Mendoza-Garfias, 2000. Status: valid species.

Order Dactylogyridea Bychowsky, 1937

Family Calceostomatidae Parona & Perugia, 1890

Calceostoma sp.

Orthopristis chalceus; gills; marine; La Libertad, Piura [16].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Family Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933

Ameloblastella edentensis Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016

Hypophthalmus edentatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S, 73°17′ W) [34].

Hypophthalmus edentatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-622; paratypes and vouchers, IPCAS M-622; paratypes, USNM 1418027; USNM 1418028) [35].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056255 for the partial 28S rRNA [34].

Remarks

This species was recorded as Ameloblastella sp. 16 by Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34]. Remarks

Status: valid species.

Ameloblastella formatrium Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016

Pimelodidae gen. sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-624; paratypes, IPCAS M-624; paratypes, USNM 1418030) [35].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Ameloblastella martinae Mendoza-Palmero, Rossin, Irigoitia & Scholz, 2020

Sorubim lima (type host), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-724; paratype, IPCAS M-724; paratypes, CNHE 11260–11261; CNHE 11262) [36].

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number MT174.

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Ameloblastella peruensis Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016

Hypophthalmus sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-623; paratypes, USNM 1418029) [35].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Ameloblastella sp1.

Hassar sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°15′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056253 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

This species was recorded as Ameloblastella sp. by Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Ameloblastella sp2.

Hypophthalmus edentatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S 73°17′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056233 for the partial 28S rDNA.

Remarks

Referred to as Ameloblastella sp23. by Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Ameloblastella unapi Mendoza-Franco & Scholz, 2009

Calophysus macropterus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, USNM 1396529; paratype, USNM 1396530, paratype and vouchers, IPCAS M-482) [38].

Calophysus macropterus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Ameloblastella unapioides Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016

Sorubim lima; gills; freshwater; Loreto [34].

Sorubim lima (type host); gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-625; paratypes and vouchers, IPCAS M-625; paratypes, USNM 1418031; USNM 1418032) [35].

Pimelodus sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (IPCAS M-625; USNM 1418033) [35].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056254 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Ameloblastella sp8. by Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34]. Status: valid species.

Amphithecium calycinum Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 708) [39].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-22) [37].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Amphithecium camelum Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 716) [39].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-23) [37].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Amphithecium cataloensis Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-24) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Amphithecium falcatum Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-25) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Amphithecium junki Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-26) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus acuminatus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-10) [40].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus amazonicus Van Every & Kritsky, 1992

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-21) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus camposbaci Morey, Aliano & Grandez, 2019

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°51′ S, 73°23′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 388; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3881a-c; paratypes, INPA 796 a-f) [41].

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

The species was originally described as Anacanthorus camposbacae Morey, Aliano & Grandez, 2019 by Morey et al. [41]. However, the specific name contains a malformed suffix, and the scientific name should be corrected to A. camposbaci [17]. Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus carmenrosae Morey, Aliano & Grandez, 2019

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°51′ S, 73°23′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL3882; paratypes, MUSM-HEL3882 a-c; paratypes, INPA 800 a-f) [41].

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus chaunophallus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-11) [40].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus chelophorus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-12) [40]).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus cultro Morey, Sarmiento, Chu, Cruces & Chero, 2023

Mylossoma albiscopum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (4°18′ S, 74°17′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5372; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 5373 a-e; paratypes, LAPYSA M-99 a-d) [42].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus euryphallus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-13) [40].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus femoris Morey, Sol-Sol & Cachique, 2020

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, MUSM-HEL4429; paratypes, MUSM-HEL4428 a-f) [43].

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus kukamensis Morey, Sol-Sol & Cachique, 2020

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, MUSM-HEL4427; paratypes, MUSM-HEL4426 a-c) [43].

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus lygophallus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-14) [40].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus pedanophallus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-27) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus penilabiatus Boeger, Husak & Martins, 1995

Piaractus brachypomus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-28) [37].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-28) [37].

Colossoma macropomum, Piaractus brachypomus; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (UNMSM-LPFSZ 479–483) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus pithophallus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-15) [40].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus ramosissimus Van Every & Kritsky, 1992

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-29) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus rarus Morey, Sol-Sol & Cachique, 2020

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, MUSM-HEL4430; paratype, MUSM-HEL4431) [43].

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus reginae Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 710) [39].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-30) [37].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus sabaloi Morey, Sol-Sol & Cachique, 2020

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, MUSM-HEL4432; paratypes, MUSM-HEL4433 a-d) [43].

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus scapanus Van Every & Kritsky, 1992

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-31) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus sp1.

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto [44].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Anacanthorus sp2.

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto [45].

Remarks

Referred to as Anacanthorinae gen. sp. By Vargas et al. [45]. Vargas et al. [45] did not mention where their specimens were deposited, but an analysis of the photographs they provided indicates that these specimens belong to the genus Anacanthorus.

Anacanthorus spathulatus Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1979

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [46].

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-32) [37].

Colossoma macropomum, Piaractus brachypomus; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (UNMSM-LPFSZ 484–486) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus spiralocirrus Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1979

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [43].

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-33) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus stachophallus Kritsky, Boeger & Van Every, 1992

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 720) [39].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-34) [37].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Anacanthorus thatcheri Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 707) [39].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-35) [37].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Ancistrohaptor falciferum Agarwal & Kritsky, 1998

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-16) [40].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Ancistrohaptor falcunculum Agarwal & Kritsky, 1998

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-17) [40].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Apedunculata discoidea Cuglianna, Cordeiro & Luque, 2009

Prochilodus nigricans; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°41′ S, 73°12′ W) [47].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Aphanoblastella aurorae Mendoza-Palmero, Scholz, Mendoza- Franco & Kuchta, 2012

Goeldiella eques; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-524; paratypes, IPCAS M-524; paratypes USNM 1400341–1400343; paratypes, NHMUK 2012.3.15.26-30; USNM 1400344–1400347) [48].

Goeldiella eques; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056239 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Aphanoblastella sp.

Goeldiella eques, gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S, 73°17′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KP066237 and KP066238 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Aphanoblastella sp3. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Bicentenariella claudiae Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2021

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4715; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4716a-r) [49].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Bicentenariella peruensis (Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2017) Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2021

Hemanthias peruanus (type host); gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3480; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3481–3507; paratypes, CHIOC 38852 a-c) [50].

Hemanthias peruanus; gills; marine; Piura (HPIA 40) [51].

Hemanthias peruanus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) [49].

Remarks

This species was described as Parancylodiscoides peruensis by Cruces et al. [50] and was transferred to the genus Bicenteneriella by Cruces et al. [49]. Status: valid species.

Bicentenariella puertopizarroensis Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2021

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4719; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4720a-n) [49].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Bicentenariella signiferi (Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2017) Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2021

Hemanthias 11imaculat; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3508; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3509–3539; paratypes, CHIOC 38851a-b) [50].

Hemanthias 11imaculat; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-3508, paratypes, MUSM-HEL3509–3539) [49].

Remarks

This species was described as Parancylodiscoides signiferi by Cruces et al. [50] and was transferred to the genus Bicenteneriella by Cruces et al. [49]. Status: valid species.

Bicentenariella sinuosa Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2021

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4717; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4718a-l) [49].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Biotodomella mirospinata Morey, Arimuya & Boeger, 2019

Biotodoma cupido; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (holotype, INPA 785a; paratypes, INPA 785 b-g; 797 a-j) [52].

Biotodoma cupido; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-66) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Boegeriella conica (Mendoza-Palmero, Mendoza-Franco, Acosta & Scholz, 2019) Mendoza-Palmero & Hsiao, 2020

Ageneiosus vittatus, gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S, 73°17′ W) [34].

Platynematichthys notatus (type host), Brachyplatystoma juruense; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S, 73°17′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-699; paratypes, IPCAS M-699; paratypes, CNHE 11161; IPCAS M-699; CNHE 11162) [54].

Platynematichthys notatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (IIAP-MM-0035) [55].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogyridae gen sp10. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34]. Mendoza-Palmero et al. [54] proposed the genus Walteriella Mendoza-Palmero, Mendoza-Franco, Acosta & Scholz, 2019 to accommodate their new species, W. conica and W. ophiocirrus. However, the generic name had already been assigned to a genus of soldier beetles, Walteriella Kazantsev, 2001 (Coleoptera: Cantharidae). Thus, Mendoza-Palmero & Hsiao [56] proposed the genus Boegeriella Mendoza-Palmero & Hsiao, 2020 and transferred W. conica and W. ophiocirrus to Boegeriella. Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KP056225, KP056226, and KP056227 [34] and MK834513 and MK834514 [54] for the partial 28S rRNA.

Boegeriella ophiocirrus (Mendoza-Palmero, Mendoza-Franco, Acosta & Scholz, 2019) Mendoza-Palmero & Hsiao, 2020

Platystomatichthys sturio; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-700; paratypes, IPCAS M-700; paratypes, CNHE 11163; IPCAS M-700; CNHE 11164) [54].

Remarks

Mendoza-Palmero et al. [54] proposed the genus Walteriella Mendoza-Palmero, Mendoza-Franco, Acosta & Scholz, 2019 to accommodate their new species, W. conica and W. ophiocirrus. However, the generic name had already been assigned to a genus of soldier beetles, Walteriella Kazantsev, 2001 (Coleoptera: Cantharidae). Thus, Mendoza-Palmero & Hsiao [56] proposed the genus Boegeriella Mendoza-Palmero & Hsiao, 2020 and transferred W. conica and W. ophiocirrus to Boegeriella. Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MK834511, MK834512, and MK834515 for the partial 28S rRNA [54].

Brotulella laurafernandae Cruces, Chero & Luque, 2023

Brotula clarkae; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5132; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 5133a-l) [57].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

The sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number OR860318 for the partial 28S rDNA [57].

Brotulella luisahelenae Cruces, Chero & Luque, 2023

Brotula clarkae; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5134; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 5135a-k) [57]).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

The sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number OR860321 for the partial 28S rDNA [57].

Cichlidogyrus sclerosus Paperna & Thurston, 1969

Oreochromis niloticus; gills; freshwater; San Martín (CPMP 503) (new geographical record) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Chclidogyrus sp.

Oreochromis niloticus; gills; freshwater; San Martin [58].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna, 1960

Oreochromis niloticus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°48′ S, 73°19′ W) (LAPYSA M-E-2) [59].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Cleidodiscus sp.

Pimelodella yuncensis; adult; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [60].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Cosmetocleithrum baculum Yamada, Yamada & da Silva, 2020

Trachelyopterus sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [61].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Note

The sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON982893 for the partial 28S rDNA [61].

Cosmetocleithrum bifurcum  Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016

Hassar orestis; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°15W) [34].

Hassar orestis (type host); gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°15′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-627; paratypes and vouchers, IPCAS M-627; paratypes, USNM 1418035; USNM 1418036) [35].

Remarks

Referred to as Cosmetocleithrum sp8. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34]. Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KP056216 and KP056217 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Cosmetocleithrum bulbocirrus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Pterodoras granulosus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°15W) (IPCAS M-525; USNM 1400348–1400349; NHMUK 2012.3.14.37-43) [48].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Cosmetocleithrum confusum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 704) [15].

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [61].

Remarks

This species was reported as Cosmetocleithrum 13imacula Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986. However, the specific name contains a malformed suffix, and the correct name is C. confusum. The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON982791 for the partial 28S rDNA [61].

Cosmetocleithrum falsunilatum Feronato, Razzolini, Morey & Boeger, 2022

Megalodoras uranoscopus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) (holotype, CHIOC 39731a; paratypes, CHIOC 39731b-m) [62].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number OM971057 for the partial 28S rDNA [62].

Cosmetocleithrum gigas Morey, Cachique & Babilonia, 2019

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3880; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3880 a-c) [63].

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [61].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON982794 for the partial 28S rDNA [61].

Cosmetocleithrum gussevi Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 702) [15].

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [61].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON982795 for the partial 28S rDNA [61].

Cosmetocleithrum infinitum Morey, Rojas & Cachique, 2022

Anadoras grypus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, MUSM-HEL4421; paratypes, MUSM-HEL4420a-d) [64].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Cosmetocleithrum laciniatum  Yamada, Yamada, Silva & Anjos, 2017

Trachelyopterus sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [61].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON982796 for the partial 28S rDNA [61].

Cosmetocleithrum parvum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [61].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON982792 for the partial 28S rDNA [61].

Cosmetocleithrum rarum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [61].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON982797 for the partial 28S rDNA [61].

Cosmetocleithrum sobrinus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Oxydoras niger; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 703) [15].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Cosmetocleithrum tortum Mendoza-Franco, Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2016

Nemadoras hemipeltis; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-626; paratype and voucher, IPCAS M-626; paratype, USNM 1418034) [35].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Dactylogyridae gen. sp1.

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto [65].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Dactylogyridae gen. sp2.

Ageneiosus vittatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S, 73°17′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056218 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogiridae gen. sp4. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Dactylogyridae gen. sp3.

Platynematichthys notatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KP056220–KP056224 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogiridae gen. sp9. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Dactylogyridae gen. sp4.

Sorubim lima; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056228 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogiridae gen. sp12. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Dactylogyridae gen. sp5.

Hypophthalmus 15imaculat; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°42′ S, 73°17′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KP056229–KP056230 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogiridae gen. sp13. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Dactylogyridae gen. sp6.

Hypophthalmus 15imaculat; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056231 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogiridae gen. sp18. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Dactylogyridae gen. sp7.

Hypophthalmus 15imaculat; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056232 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogiridae gen. sp23. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Dactylogyridae gen. sp8.

Platynematichthys notatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056234 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogiridae gen. sp26. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Dactylogyridae gen. sp9.

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto [66].

Remarks

No specimens in the collection.

Dactylogyrus sp.

Carassius auratus; gills, epidermis; freshwater; Lima [67].

Apistogramma sp., Cichlasoma sp., Pterophyllum scalare, Symphysodon aequifasciatus; gills; freshwater; Peruvian Amazon [68].

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Ucayali [69].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924

Cyprinus carpio; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [70].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Dawestrema cycloancistrioides Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1985

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [71].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [72].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater; Loreto [73].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Dawestrema cycloancistrium Price & Nowlin, 1967

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 701) [15].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater; Loreto [74].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater; Loreto [75].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater, Loreto (3°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [71].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater, Loreto [76].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater; Loreto [73].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater, Loreto [77].

Arapaima gigas; gills; freshwater, Loreto (05°54′ S, 76°05′ W) (CHIOC 38.656 a-c, 38657 a-c) [78].

Arapaima gigas; gills, freshwater; Loreto [79].

Arapaima gigas; gills, freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-36) [80].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Demidospermus brevicirrus Mendoza-Palermo, Scholz, Mendoza-Franco & Kuchta, 2012

Pimelodus sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-523; paratypes and vouchers, IPCAS M-523; paratypes, USNM 1400335–1400338; vouchers, USNM 1400339, 1400340, 1400350; paratypes, NHMUK 2012.3.12.12–2012.3.12.18; voucher, NHMUK 2012.3.15.19–2012.3.15.25) [48].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Demidospermus centromochli Mendoza-Franco & Scholz, 2009

Centromochlus heckelii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype and paratype on a single slide in USNM 1396527; paratype, USNM 1396528; paratype, IPCAS M-483) [38].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Demidospermus curvovaginatus Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2011

Pimelodus sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-513; paratype, USNM 1399527; voucher, USNM 1399528–1399529; paratype, BMNH 2011.3.31.5; voucher, BMNH 2011.3.31.6–2011.3.31.9) [81].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Demidospermus doncellae Morey, Rojas, Dávila, Chu & de Pina, 2023

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4233; paratype, MUSM-HEL 4234a-c) [82].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Demidospermus macropteri Mendoza-Franco & Scholz, 2009

Calophysus macropterus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, USNM 1396531; paratypes, USNM 1396532) [38].

Calophysus macropterus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Demidospermus mortenthaleri Mendoza-Palermo, Scholz, Mendoza-Franco & Kuchta, 2012

Brachyplatystoma juruense; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) (holotype IPCAS M-522; paratypes and vouchers, IPCAS M-522; paratypes USNM 1400329–1400331; paratypes, NHMUK 2012.3.15.1-5; USNM 1400332–1400334; NHMUK 2012.3.15.6-11.) [48].

Brachyplatystoma juruense; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) [34].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KP056245 and KP056246 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Demidospermus peruvianus Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2011

Pimelodus ornatus (type host), P. blochii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-515; paratypes, USNM 1399524, vouchers; USNM 1399525–1399526; paratypes, BMNH 2011.3.31.1–2011.3.31.2; vouchers, BMNH 2011.3.31.3–2011.3.31.4) [81].

Pimelodus sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-513; paratype, USNM 1399527; voucher, USNM 1399528–1399529; paratype, BMNH 2011.3.31.5; voucher, BMNH 2011.3.31.6–2011.3.31.9) [81].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Demidospermus sp1.

Brachyplatystoma vaillantii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S, 73°17′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056235 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Demidospermus sp11. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Demidospermus sp2.

Brachyplatystoma vaillantii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°42′ S, 73°17′ W) [34].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056236 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Demidospermus sp23. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Demidospermus sp3.

Calophysus macropterus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-37) [37].

Demidospermus striatus Mendoza-Palmero & Scholz, 2011

Pimelodus sp., P. blochii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, IPCAS M-514; paratype, USNM 1399530; voucher, USNM 1399531; paratypes, BMNH 2011.3.31.10–2011.3.31.11; vouchers, BMNH 2011.3.31.12–2011.3.31.13) [81].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Demidospermus wilberi Cruces, Santillán, Silvera & Chero, 2023

Loricaria sp.; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (12°35′ S, 69°10′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5364; paratype, MUSM-HEL MUSM-HEL 5365a-i) [83].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Enallothecium aegidatum (Boeger & Kritsky, 1988) Kritsky, Boeger & Jégu, 1998

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-38) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema chaoi Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (USNM 1386542, 1386544, 1386545) [84].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema lovejoyi Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (USNM 1386548) [84].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema luisae Cruces, Chero & Luque, 2018

Calamus brachysomus; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3782; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3783a-g; paratypes, CHIOC 39076a-f.) [85].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema magnopharyngis Cruces, Chero & Luque, 2018

Calamus brachysomus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3784; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3785a-c; paratypes, CHIOC 39077a-b) [85].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema monacanthus Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (USNM 1386581) [84].

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (04°02′ S, 73°09′ W) (USNM 1386582) [84].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema paralonchuri (Luque & Iannocone, 1989) Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50’) (holotype, CHURP 511, paratype, CHURP 512) [86].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Ancash, Lima [87].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50’) [88].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [89].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50’) (USNM 1386595) [84].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50’) (unpublished data, USNM 1376672).

Remarks

This species was described as a member of the genus Pseudohaliotrema Yamaguti, 1953 by Luque and Iannocone [86] and was transferred to Euryhaliotrema Kritsky & Boeger, 2002 by Kritsky and Boeger [84]. According to Kritsky and Boeger [84], this species needs to be redescribed. The type material (holotypes and paratypes) deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated and all material has been lost. Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema potamocetes Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (USNM 1386557–1386560) [84].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema sagmatum Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Umbrina xanti; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4723) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema succedaneus Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (holotype, USNM 1386584; paratype, USNM 1386585–1386589; paratype, HWML 16428; paratype, MNHN 25HG Tg 155–156) [84].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Euryhaliotrema thatcheri Kritsky & Boeger, 2002

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (USNM 1386566–1386569, 1386572) [84].

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (04°02′ S, 73°09′ W) (USNM 1386573) [84].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gonocleithrum aruanae Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1983

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (05°40′ S, 74°19′ W) [90].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Gonocleithrum coenoideum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1983

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (05°04′ S, 74°19′ W) [90].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Gonocleithrum cursitans Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1983

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; gills; freshwater; Loreto [91].

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (05°04′ S, 74°19′ W) [90].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Gussevia alii (Molnár, Hanek & Fernando, 1974) Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-77) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gussevia alioides Kritsky, Thatcher, and Boeger, 1986

Heros severus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (USNM 1397200) [92].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. Status: valid species.

Gussevia arilla Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368040 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261196 for the partial 28S rRNA.

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Gussevia asota Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (USNM 1397199, IPCAS M-498) [92].

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [94].

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [95].

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-65) [53].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368041 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261214 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. Status: valid species.

Gussevia astronoti Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-39) [37].

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-39) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368042 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261215 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Gussevia cichlasomatis (Molnár, Hanek & Fernando, 1974) Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Aequidens tetramerus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°22′ W) (LAPYSA M-94) [53].

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-76) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gussevia dispar Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Heros efasciatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-83) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gussevia disparoides Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Cichlasoma amazonarum, Heros severus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (USNM 1397201–1397202) [92].

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Heros efasciatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-84) [53].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368044 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261197 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. Status: valid species.

Gussevia longihaptor (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969) Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (IPCAS M-497, USNM 1397197) [92].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [95].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. Status: valid species.

Gussevia rogersi Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-40) [37].

Astronotus ocellatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-40) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gussevia spiralocirra Kohn & Paperna, 1964

Pterophyllum scalare; gills; freshwater; Loreto (INPA PA272–1–PA272–3; USNM 1374193; HWML 22955) [96].

Pterophyllum scalare; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Pterophyllum scalare; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-67) [53].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368049 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261203 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Kritsky et al. [96]. Status: valid species.

Gussevia sp1.

Acaronia nassa; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-91) [53].

Gussevia sp2.

Acaronia nassa; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-92) [53].

Gussevia sp3.

Acaronia nassa; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-93) [53].

Gussevia sp4.

Aequidens tetramerus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°22′ W) (LAPYSA M-95) [53].

Gussevia sp5.

Aequidens tetramerus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°22′ W) (LAPYSA M-96) [53].

Gussevia sp6.

Aequidens tetramerus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°22′ W) (LAPYSA M-97) [53].

Gussevia sp7.

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-78) [53].

Gussevia sp8.

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-79) [53].

Gussevia sp9.

Heros efasciatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-85) [53].

Gussevia sp10.

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368043 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261198 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

Referred to as Gussevia sp. 1 by Seidlová et al. [93].

Gussevia sp11.

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number ON281754 for the partial 28S rRNA.

Remarks

Referred to as Gussevia sp. 3 by Seidlová et al. [93].

Gussevia sp12.

Mesonauta 21imacula; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368047 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261201 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

Referred to as Gussevia sp. 5 by Seidlová et al. [93].

Gussevia tucunarensis Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Chaetobranchus semifasciatus; gills; freshwater, Loreto (3°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [97].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-74) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368050 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261204 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Gussevia undulata Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (USNM 1397198) [92].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [98].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [95].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368051 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261205 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. Status: valid species.

Haliotrema diplotaenia Cruces, Chero & Luque, 2018

Bodianus diplotaenia; gills; marine; Tumbes (45°54′ S, 81°05′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3786; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3787a-g; paratypes, CHIOC 39078a-g) [85].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Haliotrema saezae Cruces, Chero & Luque, 2018

Bodianus diplotaenia; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3788; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3789a-c; paratypes, CHIOC 39079a-c) [85].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Haliotrema sanchezae Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2017

Scarus perrico; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3471; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3472–3479; paratypes, CHIOC 38853a-c) [50].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Haliotrematoides mediohamides Kritsky & Mendoza-Franco in Kritsky, Yang & Sun, 2009

Calamus brachysomus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29’ S, 80°24’ W) (MUSM-HEL 4850a-i) [99].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Cruces et al. [99]. Status: valid species.

Haliotrematoides prolixohamus Kritsky & Mendoza-Franco in Kritsky, Yang & Sun, 2009

Calamus brachysomus; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29’ S, 80°24’ W) (CPMP 504) (new geographical record) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Hamatopeduncularia sp.

Galeichthys peruvianus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30’ S, 76°50’ W) (USNM 1376673) [100].

Heteropriapulus heterotylus (Jogunoori, Kritsky & Venkatanarasaiah, 2004) Kritsky, 2007

Pterygoplichthys pardalis; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-41) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Jainus amazonensis Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1980

Brycon cephalus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [101].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Jainus peruensis Cruces, Santillán, Silvera, Morey & Chero, 2024

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (12°35′ S, 69°10′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5392; paratype, MUSM-HEL MUSM-HEL 5393a-i) [102].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Jainus sp1.

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-18) [40].

Jainus sp2.

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-19) [40].

Jainus sp3.

Triportheus angulatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-20) [40].

Ligophorus mugilinus (Hargis, 1955) Euzet & Suriano, 1977

Mugil cephalus; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [70].

Remarks

This species was reported as Haliotrema mugilinus Hargis, 1955 by Jara and Escalante [70]. Status: valid species.

Mexicana iannaconi Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Alvariño, 2014

Haemulon steindachneri; gills; marine; Lima (12°09′ S 76°56′ W) (holotype, CPMP 112; paratype, CPMP 113) [103].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Mexicana sp.

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (12°18′ S, 76°53′ W) [104].

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP-UNFV 074-075) [26].

Mymarothecium boegeri Cohen & Kohn, 2005

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-48) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Mymarothecium iiapensis Morey, Aliano & Grandez, 2019

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°49′ S, 73°20′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3884; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3883a-b; paratypes, INPA 798 a-d) [41].

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Mymarothecium galeolum Kritsky, Boeger & Jegu, 1996

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-49) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Mymarothecium sp.

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto [45].

Remarks

Referred to as Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp. By Vargas et al. [45].

Mymarothecium viatorum Boeger, Piasecki & Sobecka, 2002

Piaractus brachypomus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [105].

Piaractus brachypomus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-47a) [37].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-47b) [37].

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (UNMSM-LPFSZ 471–474) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Mymarothecium tantaliani Cayulla-Quispe, Mondragón-Martínez, Rojas-De Los Santos, Garcia-Candela, Babilonia-Medina & Martínez-Rojas, 2020

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4662; paratype, MUSM-HEL 4663) [106].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Nanayella aculeatrium Acosta, Mendoza-Palmero, da Silva & Scholz, 2019

Sorubim lima; gills; freshwater, Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) [34].

Sorubim lima; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°19′ W) (holotype, IPCAS M-694; paratypes, IPCAS M-694; hologenophore, IPCAS M-694) [107].

Note

The sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056228 for the partial 28S rDNA [34].

Remarks

Referred to as Dactylogyridae gen. sp12. By Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34]. Status: valid species.

Nanayella megorchis  (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969) Acosta, Mendoza-Palmero, da Silva & Scholz, 2019

Sorubim lima; gills; freshwater; Loreto (IPCAS M-698; hologenophore, IPCAS M-698) [107].

Remarks

This species was described as Urocleidoides megorchis by Mizelle and Kritsky, 1969 and was transferred to the genus Nanayella by Acosta et al. [107]. Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MK367405, MK367406, and MK367407 for the partial 28S rDNA [107].

Nanayella sp.

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-50) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Notothecioides llewellyni Kritsky, Boeger & Jegu, 1997

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-51) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Notozothecium agusti Cruces, Santillán, Silvera & Chero, 2023

Brycon amazonicus; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (12°35′ S, 69°10′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5366; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 5367a-i) [83].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Notozothecium bethae Kritsky, Boeger & Jégu, 1996

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°49′ S, 73°19′ W) [108].

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-52) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Notozothecium janauachensis Belmont-Jegu, Domingues, & Martins, 2004

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-53) [37].

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (UNMSM-LPFSZ 475–478) (present study).

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Notozothecium minor Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-54) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Notothecium mizellei Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 715) [39].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Notozothecium nanayense Morey, Aliano & Grandez, 2019

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°51′ S, 73°23′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3883; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3883a-c; paratypes, INPA 799 a-f) [41].

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto [37].

Remarks

The species was originally described as Notozothecium nanayensis Morey, Aliano & Grandez, 2019 by Morey et al. [41]. However, the specific name contains a malformed suffix, and the scientific name should be corrected to N. nanayense [17]. Status: valid species.

Notozothecium palometae Morey, Sarmiento, Chu, Cruces & Chero, 2023

Mylossoma albiscopum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (4°18′ S, 74°17′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5374; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 5375a-e; paratypes, LAPYSA M-100 a-d) [42].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Notozothecium penetrarum Boeger & Kritsky, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 709) [39].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Notozothecium sp1.

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-55) [37].

Notozothecium sp2.

Myloplus schomburgkii; gills; freshwater; Loreto [44].

Onchocleidus sp.

Lebiasina 25imaculate; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [109].

Remarks

Reported as Oncocleidus sp. By Jara and Escalante [109].

Parancylodiscoides chaetodipteri Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1961

Parapsettus panamensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (MUSM-HEL 3247; CPMP-UNFV 172a-c) [110].

Parapsettus panamensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (45°54′ S, 81°05′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3247) [33].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Peruanella aureagarciae (Morey, Rojas, Dávila, Chu & de Pina, 2023) Cruces, Santillán, Silvera, Murrieta & Chero, 2024

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer; gills; freshwater; Loreto (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4231; paratype, MUSM-HEL 4232a-c) [102].

Remarks

This species was described as Demidospermus aureagarciae Morey, Rojas, Dávila, Chu & de Pina, 2023 by Morey et al. [82] and was transferred to the genus Peruanella by Cruces et al. [102]. Status: valid species.

Peruanella madredediosensis  Cruces, Santillán, Silvera, Murrieta & Chero, 2024

Brachyplatystoma tigrinum; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (12°35′ S, 69°10′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 5390; paratype, MUSM-HEL MUSM-HEL 5391a-i) [102].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Philocorydoras alcantarai Morey, Rojas & Panduro, 2022

Corydoras ambiacus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°27′ S, 72°48′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4227; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4228a-e) [111].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Philocorydoras beleniensis Morey, Rojas & Panduro, 2022

Corydoras ambiacus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°27′ S, 72°48′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4225; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4226a-e) [111].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Philocorydoras jumboi Morey, 2021

Corydoras multiradiatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°27′ S, 72°48′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4223; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4224a-e) [112].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Philocorydoras maltai  Morey, Rojas & Panduro, 2022

Corydoras splendens; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°27′ S, 72°48′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4221; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4222a-e) [111].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Philocorydoras multiradiatus Morey, 2021

Corydoras multiradiatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°27′ S, 72°48′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4219; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4220a-e) [112].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Philocorydoras peruensis Morey, 2021

Corydoras splendens; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°27′ S, 72°48′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4229; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4230a-e) [112].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Pronotogrammella boegeri Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2020

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4430; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 431a-j; paratypes, CHIOC 39218a-e) [113].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Pronotogrammella multifasciatus Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2020

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4434; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4435a-b; paratype, CHIOC 39219) [113].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Pronotogrammella scholzi Cruces, Chero, Sáez & Luque, 2020

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4432; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4433a-f; paratypes, CHIOC 39220a-e) [113].

Hemanthias peruanus; gills; marine; Piura (HPIA 42) [51].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhinonastes pseudocapsaloideum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1988

Prochilodus nigricans; gills and nasal cavity; freshwater; Loreto [114].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhinoxenus piranhus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Amazonas (CHURP 714) [39].

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-56) [37].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Sciadicleithrum edgari Paschoal, Scholz, Tavares-Dias & Luque, 2016

Chaetobranchus flavescens; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-57) [37].

Chaetobranchus flavescens; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-73) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Sciadicleithrum ergensi Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto [95].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-58) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368053, ON368052 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1, and ON261216, ON261218 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Sciadicleithrum iphthimum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Pterophyllum scalare; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-68) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Sciadicleithrum satanopercae Yamada, Takemoto, Bellay y Pavanelli, 2009

Satanoperca jurupari; gills; freshwater; Loreto (USNM 1397203, IPCAS M-499) [92].

Satanoperca jurupari; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-69) [53].

Remarks

This species was redescribed by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. Status: valid species.

Sciadicleithrum sp1.

Aequidens tetramerus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°22′ W) (LAPYSA M-97) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp2.

Biotodoma cupido; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-88) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp3.

Bujurquina peregrinabunda; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°25′ W) (LAPYSA M-89) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp4.

Bujurquina peregrinabunda; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°25′ W) (LAPYSA M-90) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp5.

Crenicichla johanna; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-81) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp6.

Crenicichla johanna; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-82) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp7.

Crenicichla johanna; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°22′ W) (LAPYSA M-86) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp8.

Mesonauta mirificus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°55′ S, 73°22′ W) (LAPYSA M-87) [53].

Sciadicleithrum sp9.

Mesonauta festivus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368059 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261209 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

Referred to as Sciadicleithrum sp. 4 by Seidlová et al. [93].

Sciadicleithrum umbilicum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-75) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368065 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261217 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Sciadicleithrum uncinatum Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Sciadicleithrum variabile (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969) Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (IPCAS M-280) [92].

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Amazon basing [93].

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-72) [53].

Heros efasciatus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-71) [53].

Symphysodon tarzoo; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) (LAPYSA M-70) [53].

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (unpublished data, USNM 1397204).

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers ON368038 for the partial 18S rRNA and ITS1 and ON261194 for the partial 28S rRNA [93].

Remarks

The species was reported as Sciadicleithrum variabilum (Mizelle & Kritsky 1969) Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1989 by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. The specific epithet represents a malformed suffix, and the correct name is Sciadicleithrum variabile [17]. Referred to as Sciadicleithrum variabilum (Mizelli & Kritsky, 1969) form A by Seidlová et al. [93]. This species was redescribed by Mendoza-Franco et al. [92]. Status: valid species.

Tereancistrum curimba Lizama, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2004

Prochilodus nigricans; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°41′ S, 73°12′ W) [47].

Prochilodus nigricans; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-59) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Tereancistrum toksonum Lizama, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2004

Prochilodus nigricans; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°41′ S, 73°12′ W) [47].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Trianchoratus acleithrium Price & Berry, 1966

Trichopodus trichopterus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°45′ S, 73°17′ W) (MUSM-3885a-d) [115].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Trinigyrus peregrinus Nitta & Nagasawa, 2016

Pterygoplichthys pardalis; gills; freshwater: Loreto (LAPYSA M-60) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Trinidactylus cichlasomatis Hanek, Molnár & Fernando, 1974

Cichlasoma amazonarum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°44′ S, 73°17′ W) (LAPYSA M-80) [53].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Tucunarella cichlae Mendoza-Franco, Scholz & Rozkosná, 2010

Cichla monoculus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (20°52′ N, 90°09′ W) (holotype, USNM 1397195; paratype, USNM 1397196; paratype, IPCAS M-496) [92].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Tylosuricola amatoi Iannacone & Luque, 1990

Strongylura scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, USNM 1376667; paratype, USNM 1376668; paratype; CHURP) [14].

Remarks

The paratype deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Unibarra paranoplatensis Suriano & Incorvaia, 1995

Aguarunichthys torosus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°47′ S, 73°21′ W) [34].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number KP056219 for the partial 28S rDNA.

Unilatus brittani Mizelle, Kritsky & Crane, 1968

Pterygoplichthys anisitsi; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) (IPCAS M-529; USNM 1400356; NHMUK 2012.3.15.53-54) [48].

Pterygoplichthys pardalis; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-61) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Unilatus unilatus Mizelle & Kritsky, 1967

Pterygoplichthys anisitsi; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°46′ S, 73°15′ W) (IPCAS M-530) [48].

Pterygoplichthys pardalis; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-62) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Urocleidoides eremitus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Pygocentrus nattereri; gills; freshwater; Amazonas (CHURP 711) [39].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Urocleidus sp.

Andinoacara rivulatus; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [109].

Vancleaveus cicinnus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-63) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Vancleaveus fungulus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°46′ S, 73°20′ W) (IPCAS M-526; USNM 1400352) [48].

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer; gills; freshwater; Loreto (LAPYSA M-64) [37].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Vancleaveus janauacaensis Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Pterodoras granulosus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°47′ S, 73°15′ W) (IPCAS M-527; USNM 1400353, 1400354; NHMUK 2012.3.15.44–51) [48].

Pterodoras granulosus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°47′ S, 73°15′ W) [34].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KP056240, KP056247, and KP056248 by Mendoza-Palmero et al. [34].

Vancleaveus platyrhynchi Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986

Hemisorubim platyrhynchos; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°45′ S, 73°14′ W) (IPCAS M-528; USNM 1400355; NHMUK 2012.3.15.52) [48].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Family Diplectanidae Monticelli, 1903

Cynoscionella sanmarci Chero, Cruces, Saéz & Luque, 2022

Cynoscion phoxocephalus; gills; marine; Tumbes (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4907; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4908a-d; paratypes, CHIOC 39757 a-e) [116].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Diplectanidae gen. sp1.

Cheilotrema fasciatum; gills; marine; Lima [89].

Remarks

This unidentified species likely corresponds to the genus Rhamnocercus Monaco, Wood & Mizelle, 1954, which is a group of diplectanids commonly found infecting marine sciaenid fish [116]. Chero et al. [116] described Rhamnocercus fasciatus Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2022, a species found on Cheilotrema fasciatum in Peru. This raises the possibility that Diplectanidae gen. sp1. of Oliva and Luque [90] may be conspecific with R. fasciatus. However, there is no information available regarding the scientific collection where the voucher specimens were deposited, which would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Diplectanidae gen. sp2.

Cheilotrema fasciatum; gills; marine; Lima [89].

Remarks

This unidentified species likely corresponds to the genus Rhamnocercus Monaco, Wood & Mizelle, 1954, which is a group of diplectanids commonly found infecting marine sciaenid fish [116]. Chero et al. [116] described Rhamnocercus fasciatus Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2022, a species found on Cheilotrema fasciatum in Peru. This raises the possibility that Diplectanidae gen. sp2. of Oliva and Luque [90] may be conspecific with R. fasciatus. However, there is no information available regarding the scientific collection where the voucher specimens were deposited, which would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Diplectanidae gen. sp3.

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [89].

Remarks

This unidentified species likely corresponds to the genus Rhamnocercus Monaco, Wood & Mizelle, 1954, which is a group of diplectanids commonly found infecting marine sciaenid fish [116]. Chero et al. [116] described Rhamnocercus dominguesi Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Iannacone & Luque, 2017, a species found on P. peruanus in Peru. This raises the possibility that Diplectanidae gen. sp3. of Oliva and Luque [90] may be conspecific with R. dominguesi. However, there is no information available regarding the scientific collection where the voucher specimens were deposited, which would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Diplectanum decorum Kritsky & Thatcher, 1984

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 717) [39].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated.

Diplectanum pescadae Kritsky & Thatcher, 1984

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 712) [39].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated.

Diplectanum pisciniarius Kritsky & Thatcher, 1984

Plagioscion squamosissimus; gills; freshwater; Loreto (CHURP 713) [39].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated.

Diplectanum sp. 1.

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [117].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUS-HEL 1735) [118].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 173a-b) [119].

Diplectanum sp. 2.

Cheilotrema fasciatum; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Diplectanum sp. 3.

Cheilotrema fasciatum; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Diplectanum sp. 4.

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [87].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Pseudorhabdosynochus anulus Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Rojas-Herrera, 2011

Epinephelus labriformis; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4724) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Pseudorhabdosynochus jeanloui Knoff, Cohen, Cárdenas, Cárdenas-Callirgos & Gomes, 2015

Paranthias colonus; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, CHIOC 38016; paratypes, CHIOC 38016b-i; paratypes, MNHN HEL 540–541) [120].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercoides lambayequensis Chero, Celso, Sáez & Luque, 2021

Menticirrhus elongatus; gills; marine; Lambayeque (06°52′ S, 79°55′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4713; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4714a-q) [121].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercoides menticirrhi Luque & Iannacone, 1991

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, CHURP 540; paratypes, CHURP 541–542) [122].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [123].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [89].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°4′ S, 77°10′ W) (neotype, MUSM-HEL3288; paraneotypes, MUSM-HEL3289–3291; paraneotypes CHIOC 38665a-d) [124].

Remarks

The type material of Rhamnocercoides menticirrhi Luque and Iannacone, 1991 was deposited in the CHURP. Currently, this is a deactivated collection, and all the deposited material has been lost. However, a voucher specimen of R. menticirrhi was deposited in the MUSM-HEL, but it is in poor condition. Chero et al. [124] redescribed this species based on newly collected specimens and designated neotype and paraneotypes for R. menticirrhi. Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus chacllae Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2022

Pareques lanfeari; gills; marine; Lambayeque (06°52′ S, 79°55′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4873; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4874a-h; paratype, CHIOC 39751) [125].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus chaskae Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2022

Pareques lanfeari; gills; marine; Lambayeque (06°52′ S, 79°55′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4875; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4876a-i; paratypes, CHIOC 39752a-b) [125].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus dominguesi Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Iannacone & Luque, 2017

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°4′ S, 77°10′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3292; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3293–3297; paratypes, CHIOC 38666a-h) [124].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus fasciatus Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2022

Cheilotrema fasciatum; gills; marine; Lambayeque (06°52′ S, 79°55′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4877; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4878a-h; paratype, CHIOC 39753) [125].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus oliveri Luque & Iannacone, 1991

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, CHURP 543; paratypes, CHURP 544–545) [122].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL1727) [126].

Remarks

According to Domingues and Boeger [127] and Chero et al. [125] Rhamnocercus oliveri Luque & Iannacone, 1991 needs to be redescribed. The type-specimens of this species have disappeared, and the only specimens available in the MUSM-HEL (voucher specimens) are in very poor condition. Thus, new type specimens (neotype and paraneotypes) need to be designated. Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus rimaci Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2022

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lambayeque (06°52′ S, 79°55′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL4881; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4882a-e; paratype, CHIOC 39755) [125].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus sp.

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; La Libertad [31].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [128].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [129].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [129].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12° S) [89].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Rhamnocercus stelliferi Luque & Iannacone, 1991

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, CHURP 546; paratypes, CHURP 547–548) [122].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 1728) [126].

Remarks

According to Domingues and Boeger [127] and Chero et al. [125] this species needs to be redescribed. The type-specimens of Rhamnocercus stelliferi Luque & Iannacone, 1991 have disappeared, and the only specimens available in the MUSM-HEL (voucher specimens) are in very poor condition. Thus, new type specimens (neotype and paraneotypes) need to be designated. Status: valid species.

Rhamnocercus tantaleani Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2022

Stellifer minor (type host); gills; marine; Lambayeque (06°52′ S, 79°55′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL4883; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4884a-d; paratype, CHIOC 39756) [125].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Order Gyrodactylidea Bychowsky, 1937

Family Gyrodactylidae Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863

Accessorius peruensis Jara, An & Cone, 1991

Lebiasina bimaculata; skin; freshwater; La libertad (holotype, USNM 1376751; paratype, USNM 1376752) [130].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Anacanthocotyle sp.

Eretmobrycon peruanus; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [131].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Gyrodactylidae gen. sp.

Colossoma macropomum; gills; freshwater; Loreto [65].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Gyrodactylus bimaculatus An, Jara & Cone, 1991

Lebiasina bimaculata; body washings; freshwater; La Libertad (78°72′ W, 8°21′ S) (holotype, USNM 1376756; paratype, USNM 8 1444) [132].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gyrodactylus lebiasinus An, Jara & Cone, 1991

Lebiasina bimaculata; body washings; freshwater; La Libertad (78°72′ W, 8°21′ S) (holotype, USNM 1376758; paratype, USNM 1376759) [132].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gyrodactylus pimelodellus An, Jara & Cone 1991

Pimelodella yuncensis; body washings; freshwater; La Libertad (79°21′ W, 7°46′ S) (holotype, USNM 1376753; paratype, USNM 1376754) [132].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gyrodactylus slendrus An, Jara & Cone, 1991

Lebiasina bimaculata; body washings; freshwater; La Libertad (78°72′ W, 8°21′ S) (holotype, USNM 1376755; paratype, USNM 1376757) [132].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Gyrodactylus sp1.

Lebiasina bimaculata; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [131].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Gyrodactylus sp2.

Carassius auratus; gills; freshwater; Lima [67].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Gyrodactylus sp3.

Oreochromis spp.; gills; freshwater; Lima [133].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Gyrodactylus sp4.

Trichomycterus punctulatus; adult; gills; freshwater; La Libertad [60].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Gyrodactylus turnbulli Harris, 1986

Poecilia reticulata; body washings; freshwater; La Libertad (79°21′ W, 7°46′ S) (USNM 1376760) [132].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Oogyrodactylus farlowellae Harris, 1983

Farlowella amazonum; gills; freshwater; Amazonas (holotype, BMNH 1982.3.30.1; paratypes, BM(NH) 1982.3.30.2-9; paratype, USNM 1372593) [134].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Scleroductus yuncensi Jara & Cone, 1989

Pimelodella yuncensis; body washings; freshwater; La Libertad (07°46’ S, 79°21′ W) (holotype, USNM 1375971; paratypes, USNM 1375972) [135].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Order Monocotylidea Lebedev, 1988

Family Monocotylidae Taschenberg, 1879

Subfamily Dasybatotreminae Bychowsky, 1957

Anoplocotyloides chorrillensis Luque & Iannacone, 1991

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, USNM 1376670, paratype, USNM 1376671; paratype, CHURP 533) [23].

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima (12°18′ S, 76°53′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2931) [136].

Remarks

The paratype deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Anoplocotyloides papillatus (Doran, 1953) Young, 1967

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (CHURP 532) [23].

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima (12°18′ S, 76°53′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2932) [136].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Peruanocotyle chisholmae Chero, Cruces, Sáez & Luque, 2018

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Lima (12°04′ S, 77°10′ W) (holotype, CHIOC 39080a; paratypes, CHIOC 39080b-d) [137].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Subfamily Heterocotylinae Chisholm, Wheeler & Beverley- Burton, 1995

Heterocotyle margaritae hero, Cruces, Sáez, Santos & Luque, 2020

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Lima (12°09′ S, 77°01′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4439; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4437a-i; paratypes, CHIOS 39264a-d) [138].

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4725a-c) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Heterocotyle sp.

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; La Libertad [139].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Potamotrygonocotyle chisholmae Domingues & Marques, 2007

Potamotrygon motoro; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (12°29′ S, 70°35′ W) [140].

Potamotrygon motoro; gills; freshwater; Loreto (03°43′ S, 73°12′ W) [140].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Potamotrygonocotyle dromedarius Domingues & Marques, 2007

Potamotrygon motoro; gills; freshwater; Madre de Dios (12°29′ S, 24°31′ W) [140].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Potamotrygonocotyle rionegrense Domingues & Marques, 2007

Potamotrygon sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°43′ S, 73°12′ W) [140].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Potamotrygonocotyle tsalickisi Mayes, Brooks & Thorson, 1981

Potamotrygon sp.; gills; freshwater; Loreto (3°43′ S, 73°12′ W) [140].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Subfamily Loimoinae Price, 1936

Loimopapillosum pascuali Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Oliveira, Santos & Luque, 2021

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 4660; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 4661a-x) [141].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MZ367711 and MZ367712 for the partial 18S and MZ367713 and MZ367714 for the partial 28S.

Loimos scoliodoni (Manter, 1938) Manter & Schmitt, 1944

Mustelus dorsalis; gills; marine; La Libertad, Piura (IMT N° 563, UNMSM-LPFSZ-063) [142].

Mustelus dorsalis; gills; marine; La Libertad, Piura [16].

Remarks

The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Referred to as Loimos sp. by Tantaleán et al. [142]. Status: valid species.

Loimos sp.

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; La Libertad [31].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Stellifer minor is an unusual host for any Loimos species.

Subfamily Monocotylinae Taschenberg, 1879

Monocotyle luquei Chero, Cruces, Iannacone, Sanchez, Minaya, Sáez & Alvariño, 2016

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3246; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3246; CPMP 160–161) [143].

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4726a-c) [22].

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Lima (12°09′ S, 77°01′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4726a-c) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Subclass Polyopisthocotylea Van Beneden, 1858

Order Chimaericolidea Bychowsky, 1957

Family Chimaericolidae Brinkmann, 1942

Callorhynchicola branchialis Brinkmann, 1952

Callorhinchus callorynchus; gills; marine; Lima (12°02′ S, 77°01′ W) (UNMSM-LPFSZ 450) [32].

Callorhinchus callorynchus; gills; marine; Ica (13°44′ S, 76°13′ W) (HPIA 179) [144].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Order Diclybothriidea Bychowsky, 1957

Family Hexabothriidae Price, 1942

Callorhynchocotyle callorhynchi (Manter, 1955) Boeger, Kritsky & Pereira, 1989

Callorhinchus callorynchus; gills; marine; Lima (12°09′ S, 77°01′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4727a-i) [22].

Callorhinchus callorynchus; gills; marine; Ica (13°44′ S, 76°13′ W) (HPIA 178) [144].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Callorhynchocotyle marplatensis Suriano & Incorvaia, 1982

Callorhinchus callorynchus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (CHURP 536) [23].

Callorhinchus callorynchus; gills; marine; Lima [16].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Erpocotyle sp.

Mustelus dorsalis.; gills; marine; La Libertad, Lima, Piura (UNMSM-LPFSZ-47) [16].

Triakis maculata; gills; marine; Lima [145].

Hypanocotyle bullardi Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Camargo, Santos & Luque, 2018

Hypanus dipterurus; gills; marine; Lima (12°5′ S, 78°11′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3650; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3651a-r) [146].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MG591251 for the partial 18S and MG591249 and MG591250 for the partial 28S.

Rhinobatonchocotyle pacifica Oliva & Luque, 1995

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (paratype, USNM 1377340) [147].

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima [148].

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima (12°19′ S, 78°55′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2933) [136].

Pseudobatos planiceps; gills; marine; Lima (12°09′ S, 77°01′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4160a-e; CHIOC 40091a-c) [149].

Remarks

Tantaleán et al. [148] reported Rhinobatonchocotyle cyclovaginatus infecting Pseudobatos planiceps in Peru. However, Chero et al. [149] showed that this species was misidentified and corresponded to R. pacificus. Rhinobatonchocotyle pacifica was redescribed by Chero et al. [149]. Status: valid species.

Note

Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MH724313 for the partial 18S and MH714464 for the partial 28S [149].

Order Mazocraeidea Bykhovsky, 1957

Family Allopyragraphoridae Yamaguti, 1953

Allopyragraphorus caballeroi (Zerecero, 1960) Yamaguti, 1963

Caranx hippos; gills; marine; Ancash (IMT 560, UNMSM-LPFSZ-60) [142].

Caranx hippos; gills; marine; Ancash [16].

Remarks

Reported as Pyragraphorus caballeroi Zerecero, 1960 by Tantaleán and Huiza [16]. The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Family Axinidae Monticelli, 1903

Axine ibanezi Tantaleán, 1975

Exocoetus volitans; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 283, paratype, author’s collection, 027 a-e) [150].

Remarks

The voucher specimens deposited in the author’s collection are not available. Status: valid species.

Loxura peruensis Oliva & Luque, 1995

Strongylura scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, USNM 1377341; paratype, USNM 1376669, paratype, MUSM-HEL 246) [147].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Family Chauhaneidae Euzet & Trilles, 1960

Oaxacotyle oaxacensis (Caballero & Bravo, 1964) Lebedev, 1984

Peprilus medius; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2797) [151].

Peprilus snyderi; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3101) [152].

Selene peruviana; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°40′ S; 80°39′ W) (HPIA 189) [153].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Pseudochauhanea mexicana Lamothe, 1966

Sphyraena ensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (80°40′ S, 03°40′ W) (HPIA 196) [154].

Sphyraena ensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (80°40′ S, 03°40′ W) (HPIA 198a-p) [155].

Remarks

Referred to as Pseudochauhanea sp. by Minaya et al. [154]. Status: valid species.

Pseudomazocraes sp.

Seriola peruana; gills; marine; Lambayeque (CPMP 505) (present study).

Family Diclidophoridae Cerfontaine, 1895

Choricotyle anisotremi Oliva, 1987

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2689) [156].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Choricotyle caulolatili (Meserve, 1938) Sproston, 1946

Caulolatilus sp.; gills; marine; Ancash (ITM 491, UNMSM-LPFSZ-91) [11].

Caulolatilus affinis; gills; marine; Piura (UNMSM-LPFSZ 437) [27].

Caulolatilus princeps; gills; marine; Lima [157].

Remarks

The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Choricotyle isaciencis Oliva, González, Ruz & Luque, 2009

Isacia conceptionis; gills; marine; Lima [158].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Choricotyle scapularis Oliva, González, Ruz & Luque, 2009

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 072) [26].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Choricotyle sonorensis Caballero & Bravo, 1962

Isacia conceptionis; gills; marine (UNMSM-LPFSZ-91) [142].

Remarks

Choricotyle sonorensis Caballero & Bravo, 1962 was considered a species inquirenda by Mamaev [159]. However, Tantaleán et al. [142] considered this species valid. Status: valid species.

Hargicotyle chimbotensis (Tantaleán, 1974) Mamaev & Aleshkina, 1984

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 281; paratypes in the author’s collection, M025a-f; paratypes UNMSM-LPFSZ-81) [10].

Remarks

The species was initially described as a member of the genus Choricotyle Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863, but was transferred to the genus Hargicotyle by Mamaev & Aleshkina [160]. The paratypes that were initially deposited in the IMT have been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Hargicotyle magna Oliva & Luque, 1989

Cheilotrema fasciatum; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 1030; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 1031; paratype, USNM 1375882; paratype, CHURP 507) [161].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Cheilotrema fasciatum; gills, mouth; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [89].

Remarks

The paratype deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Hargicotyle menticirrhi Oliva & Luque, 1989

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills, mouth; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 1032; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 1033; paratype, USNM 1375880; paratype, CHURP 508) [161].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [123].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills, mouth; marine; Lima [89].

Remarks

The paratype deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Hargicotyle paralonchuri Oliva & Luque, 1989

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 1034; paratype, MUSM-HEL 1035; paratype, USNM 1375881; paratype, CHURP 508) [161].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [87].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills, mouth; marine; Lima [89].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 1736) [118].

Remarks

The paratype deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Hargicotyle peruensis (Tantaleán, 1974) Mamaev & Aleshkina, 1984

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 280; paratypes in the author’s collection, M024a-g; paratypes UNMSM-LPFSZ-80) [10].

Remarks

The species was initially described as a member of the genus Choricotyle Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 by Tantaleán [10], but was transferred to the genus Hargicotyle by Mamaev & Aleshkina [160]. The paratypes that were initially deposited in the IMT have been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Hargicotyle sciaenae Oliva & Luque, 1989

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills, mouth; marine; Lima [89].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills, opercule; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ S) [162].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 003) [29].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (12°5′ S, 78°11′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3470a-h, CHIOC 38667a, b) [124].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; La Libertad [163].

Remarks

Chero et al. [29] recorded this species as Hargicotyle louisiniensis (Hargis, 1955) Mamaev, 1972, but a taxonomic study of the voucher specimens deposited in the CPMP showed that this record is conspecific with H. scianae. Chero et al. [124] redescribed this species. Status: valid species.

Hargicotyle sp.

Cilus gilberti; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (CPMP 046) [164].

Remarks

This record was referred to as Hargicotyle louisianensis (Hargis, 1955) Mamaev, 1972 by Chero et al. [164], but a taxonomic study of the voucher specimens deposited in the CPMP showed that this record is not conspecific with H. louisianensis nor with any other species of Hargicotyle Mamaev, 1972.

Hemitagia galapagensis (Meserve, 1938) Sproston, 1946

Paralabrax humeralis; gills; marine; Lima, La Libertad, Piura [16].

Paralabrax humeralis; gills; marine; Lima (12 30′ S, 76 50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2710; 2716) [165].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Neoheterobothrium cynoscioni (MacCallum, 1917) Price, 1943

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima, Ica [16].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [118].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (CPYM 176) [119].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Olivacotyle hemanthiasi Cruces, Chero, Sáez, Iannacone & Luque, 2017

Hemanthias signifer; gills; marine; Tumbes (45°54′ S, 81°05′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3300; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3301–3304; paratypes CHIOC 38882a-b) [166].

Remarks

Hemanthicotyle sammarquensis Luna, Martínez & Tantaleán, 2015 is a synonym of Olivacotyle hemanthiasi Cruces, Chero, Sáez, Iannacone & Luque, 2017. Status: valid species.

Paraeurysorchis sarmientae (Tantaleán, 1974) Tantaleán, Martinez & Escalante, 1985

Seriolella violacea; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 282, paratype in the author’s collection, M026 a-g) [12].

Seriolella violacea; gills; marine; Lima [16].

Seriolella violacea; gills; marine; Lima (11°52′ S, 77°07′ W) (MUSM-HEL 1751) [167].

Seriolella violacea; gills; marine; off Lima (USNM 1392386) (unpublished data, USNM).

Remarks

Tantaleán [12] proposed the genus Pseudoeurysorchis Tantaleán, 1974 to accommodate his new species, Ps. sarmientoi. However, the generic name had already been assigned to a diclidophorid species that infected haemulid fish from the Pacific Ocean, Pseudoeurysorchis Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1962. Thus, Tantaleán et al. [11] proposed the genus Paraeurysorchis Tantaleán, Martinez & Escalante, 1985 and transferred Ps. sarmientoi to Paraeurysorchis. The specific epithet represents a malformed suffix, and the correct name is Paraeurysorchis sarmientae [17]. Status: valid species.

Pedocotyle annakohnae Luque-Alejos & Iannacone-Oliver, 1989

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, CHURP 501; paratype, CHIOC 32.494; paratype, CHURP 502–503) [168].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [129].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; La Libertad [31].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°S) [89].

Remarks

This species was described as Pedocotyle annakohni Luque & Iannacone, 1990, but the specific epithet represents a malformed suffix, and the correct name is Pedocotyle annakohnae. Currently, the CHURP is a deactivated collection, and all deposited material has been lost [17]. Status: valid species.

Pedocotyle bravoi Luque & Iannacone, 1989

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, CHURP 504; paratypes, CNHE 242-12; paratype, CHURP 505-506) [168].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [129].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; La Libertad [31].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°S) [89].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Pedocotyle sp.

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Ica, Lambayeque [16].

Pseudoeurysorchis travassosi Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1962

Isacia conceptionis; gills; marine; Lima (ITM 439) [11].

Isacia conceptionis; gills; marine; Ica [16].

Isacia conceptionis; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 506) [159].

Isacia conceptionis; gills; marine; Lima (UNMSM-LPFSZ-92) (present study).

Remarks

The voucher specimens deposited in the IMT are not available. Status: valid species.

Teleurysorchis gumercindae Gonzales & Sarmiento, 1990

Schedophilus haedrichi; gills; marine; Lima (09°05′ S, 78°33′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 0540; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 0540a-b) [169].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Family Discocotylidae Price, 1936

Anthocotyle americana (MacCallum, 1916) Price, 1943

Merluccius peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [170].

Merluccius peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (11°45′ S, 77°58′ W) [171].

Merluccius peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [16].

Merluccius peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 023–024) [172].

Remarks

Reported as Anthocotyle americanus by Duran and Oliva [170] and Verano et al. [171]. Status: valid species.

Anthocotyle merluccii Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863

Merluccius peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [173].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Bicotylophora trachinoti (MacCallum, 1921) Price, 1936

Trachinotus paitensis; gills; marine; Ica, Lima, Piura [15,16].

Remarks

This record was considered in the checklists performed by Luque et al. [15] and Tantaleán & Huiza [16]. However, there are neither papers nor voucher specimens deposited in any collection that support the presence of this species in Peruvian waters. Status: valid species.

Family Gastrocotylidae Price, 1943

Areotestis sibi Yamaguti, 1965

Thunnus obesus; nasal cavity; marine; Piura (05°04′ S, 81°06′ W) (UNMSM-LPFSZ 447) [32].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Pseudaxine sp.

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; La Libertad [139].

Remarks

This record probably corresponds to Mexicotyle mexicana (Meserve, 1938) Lebedev, 1984, a common parasite of fish of the genus Scomberomorus Lacepède, 1801. However, there is no information on the scientific collection where the voucher specimens were deposited to corroborate this hypothesis. No specimens in collections.

Family Heteraxinidae Unnithan, 1957

Allencotyla mcintoshi Price, 1962

Seriola lalandi; gills; marine; Ancash (IMT 562, UNMSM-LPFSZ-62) [142].

Remarks

The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated.

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Cemocotyle aff. trachuri Dillon & Hargis, 1965

Trachurus murphyi; gills; marine; La Libertad, Piura [16].

Trachurus murphyi; gills; marine; Piura [174].

Remarks

Referred to as Cemocotyle sp. by Tantaleán and Huiza [15]. No specimens in collections.

Zeuxapta seriolae (Meserve, 1938) Price, 1962

Chloroscombrus orqueta; gills; marine; La Libertad, Lima (ITM 432, UNMSM-LPFSZ-32) [11].

Chloroscombrus orqueta; gills; marine; La Libertad, Lima [16].

Remarks

The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Family Hexostomatidae Price, 1936

Hexostoma lintoni Price, 1936

Thunnus obesus; gills; marine; Piura (05°04′ S, 81°06′ W) (UNMSM-LPFSZ 449) [32].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Family Macrovalvitrematidae Yamaguti, 1963

Macrovalvitrema sp.

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 004) [29].

Cilus gilberti; gills; marine; Lima (12°30’, 76°50′ W) (CPMP 045) [164].

Remarks

This record was erroneously identified as Choricotyle sp. for Chero et al. [164].

Pterinotrematoides mexicanus Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1955

Micropogonias sp.; gills; marine; Lima (ITM 490, UNMSM-LPFSZ-90) [11].

Remarks

The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Family Mazocraeidae Price, 1936

Kuhnia indica Tripathi, 1959

Scomber japonicus; gills: marine; Arequipa [175].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Status: valid species.

Kuhnia sp.

Trachinotus paitensis; gills; marine; La Libertad [31].

Remarks

No specimens in collections. Erroneously referred to as Khunia sp. by Jara [31].

Kuhnia scombri (Kuhn, 1829) Sproston, 1945

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Lambayeque (IMT 425) [142].

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Lima [16].

Scomber japonicus; gills: marine; Arequipa [175].

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Lima (12° S, 77° W) [176].

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Lima (UNMSM-LPFSZ-94) (present study).

Remarks

The voucher specimens deposited in the IMT are not available. No specimens of K. scombri from Arequipa were deposited in collections. Status: valid species.

Kuhnia sprostonae Price, 1961

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Ancash, Lima (IMT 463) [142].

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Ancash, Lima [16].

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Lima (12° S, 77° W) [176].

Scomber japonicus; gills; marine; Lima (UNMSM-LPFSZ-96) (present study).

Remarks

The voucher specimens deposited in the IMT are not available. Referred to as Kuhnis sprostonae by Tantaleán et al. [142]. Status: valid species.

Family Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879

Cynoscionicola americanus Tantaleán, Martínez & Escalante, 1987

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (UNMSM-LPFSZ 072) [177].

Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima [88].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [123].

Menticirrhus ophicephalus, Paralonchurus peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Cheilotrema fasciatum, Paralonchurus peruanus, Stellifer minor, Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima [89].

Cilus gilberti; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (CPMP 047) (Chero et al. 2014d).

Menticirrhus ophicephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°5′ S, 78°11′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3469a-e, CHIOC 38669a-b) [124].

Remarks

This species was described as Cynoscionicola americana Tantaleán, Martínez & Escalante, 1987 by Tantaleán et al. [177]. The specific epithet of this species was malformed. According to Chero et al. [178] and WoRMS [17], the correct name of this species is C. americanus. A redescription of this species was performed by Chero et al. [178]. Status: valid species.

Cynoscionicola cynoscioni Tantaleán, Martinez & Escalante, 1987

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (UNMSM-LPFSZ 070) [177].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 1737) [118].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30’, 76°50’) [179].

Cynoscion analis; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 174) [119].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Cynoscionicola intermedius Tantaleán, Martinez & Escalante, 1988

Brachygenys peruanus; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 756, paratypes, IMT 654a-g) [142].

Remarks

This species was described as Cynoscionicola intermedia Tantaleán, Martínez & Escalante, 1988 by Tantaleán et al. [142]. The specific epithet of this species was malformed. According to WoRMS [17], the correct name of this species is C. intermedius. The paratypes deposited in the IMT are not available. Status: valid species.

Cynoscionicola sciaenae Tantaleán, 1974

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 278, paratypes in the author’s collection, M022a-b) [13].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Ica [16].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima [89].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [162].

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 001) [29].

Remarks

The paratypes deposited in the author’s collection are not available. Status: valid species.

Cynoscionicola sp.

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [129].

Stellifer minor; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) [88].

Remarks

No specimens in collections.

Cynoscionicola veranoi Chero, Cruces, Saez & Luque, 2017

Sciaena deliciosa; gills; marine; Lima (12°5′ S, 78°11′ W) (holotype, MUSM-HEL 3467, paratypes, MUSM-HEL 3468a-i, paratypes, CHIOC 38668a-d) [124].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Intracotyle neghmei (Villalba, 1987) Oliva & Luque, 1995

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima [147].

Remarks

Intracotyle neghmei (Villalba, 1987) Oliva & Luque, 1995 was described as Neobivagina neghmei Villalba, 1987 by Villalba [180], infecting the gills of Anisotremus scapularis. However, Olive and Luque [147] transferred this species to the genus Intracotyle Mamaev, 1970. Status: valid species.

Jaliscia caballeroi (Bravo-Hollis, 1960) Mamaev & Egorova, 1977

Caulolatilus sp.; gills; marine; Lima [16].

Caulolatilus affinis; gills; marine; Piura (UNMSM-LPFSZ 438) [27].

Caulolatilus princeps; gills; marine; Lima (HPIA 32) [157].

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; La Libertad [163].

Remarks

Referred to as Microcotyle caballeroi Bravo-Hollis, 1960 by Tantaleán and Huiza [16] and Luján and Ascón [163]. Status: valid species.

Jaliscia sp.

Caulolatilus affinis; gills; marine; Piura (UNMSM-LPFSZ 439) [27].

Caulolatilus princeps; gills; marine; Lima (HPIA 31) [157].

Remarks

These records were mentioned as Jaliscia caulolatili Pérez-Urbiola, 1993. However, J. caulolatili is considered a nomen nudum since it was described in a bachelor thesis and never formally described according to the rules of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Thus, this monogenean needs to be formally described.

Magniexcipula lamothei Bravo-Hollis, 1981

Calamus brachysomus; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (MUSM-HEL 4728a-f) [22].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Metamicrocotyla macracantha (Alexander, 1954) Koratha, 1955

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; Lima [13].

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; Ancash, Lima [16].

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30’ S, 76°50′ W) [181].

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30′ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2019) [182].

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; northern Peru [183].

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; Lima (12°4′ S, 77°10′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3580) [184].

Sphyraena ensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°40′ S, 80°40′ W) (HPIA 197) [154].

Selene peruviana; gills; marine; Tumbes (03°40′ S, 80°39′ W) (HPIA 190) [153].

Mugil cephalus; gills; marine; La Libertad [163].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Microcotyle danielcarrioni (Martinez & Barrantes, 1977) Bouguerche, Gey, Justine & Tazerouti, 2019

Cheilodactylus variegatus; gills; marine; Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 126; paratypes, MUSM-HEL 127) [185].

Remarks

This species was designated as a member of the genus Paramicrocotyle by Martinez and Barrantes [185]. However, Bouguerche et al. [186] transferred P. danielcarrioni Martinez & Barrantes, 1977 to the genus Microcotyle. Oliva and Muñoz [187] considered P. danielcarrioni a synonym of M. nemadactylus Dillon & Hargis, 1965. However, M. danielcarrioni and M. nemadactylus are different species, according to Bouguerche et al. [186]. Status: valid species.

Microcotyle nemadactylus Dillon & Hargis, 1965

Cheilodactylus variegatus; gills; marine; Lima [185].

Cheilodactylus variegatus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30’ S, 76°50′ W) [188].

Cheilodactylus variegatus; gills; marine; Lima (12°30’ S, 76°50′ W) [189].

Cheilodactylus variegatus; gills; marine; Lima (12°4′ S, 77°10′ W) (MUSM-HEL 3570) [184].

Remarks

This species was referred to as Paramicrocotyle nemadactylus (Dillon & Hargis, 1965) Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1972 by Iannacone et al. [189]. Status: valid species.

Microcotyle sp.

Hyporthodus niphobles; gills; marine; Lima (12°28′ S, 76°47′ W) (HPIA 143) [20].

Microcotyloides impudicus Caballero, Bravo-Hollis & Grocott, 1954

Polydactylus approximans; gills; marine; Lima [16].

Remarks

Status: valid species.

Neobivagina chita Tantaleán, Morales & Escalante, 1998

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Ancash, Ica, Lima (holotype, MUSM-HEL 1056, paratypes, MUSM-HEL 1057–1058) [148].

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (12°30’ S, 76°50′ W) (MUSM-HEL 2707) [156].

Anisotremus scapularis; gills; marine; Lima (CPMP 073) [26].

Remarks

The type locality of this species was not mentioned in its original description. Status: valid species.

Family Protomicrocotylidae Johnston & Tiegs, 1922

Neomicrocotyle sp.

Caranx hippos; gills; marine; La Libertad, Piura [16].

Family Pyragraphoridae Yamaguti, 1963

Pyragraphorus pyragraphorus (MacCallum & MacCallum, 1913) Sproston, 1946

Trachinotus paitensis; gills; marine; Piura (05°05′ S, 81°07′ W) (CHURP 596) [14].

Remarks

The voucher deposited in the CHURP is not available because this collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Family Thoracocotylidae Price, 1936

Mexicotyle mexicana (Meserve, 1938) Lebedev, 1984

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Ica [139].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Ancash (IMT 561, UNMSM-LPFSZ-61) [142].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Ica [16].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Tumbes (13°30′ S, 80°24′ W) (HPIA 211) [190].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Lima (12°5′ S, 78°11′ W) (CPMP 507) (new geographical extension) (present study).

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (CPMP 508) (present study).

Remarks

This species was registered in Peru as Pseudaxine sp. by Escalante et al. [139] and later identified as Pseudaxine mexicana Meserve, 1938 by Tantaleán et al. [142]. However, P. mexicana was transferred to the genus Mexicotyle Lebedev, 1984 by Lebedev [191]. The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Scomberocotyle scomberomori (Koratha, 1955) Harguis, 1956

Sphyraena ensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (80°40′ S, 03°40′ W) (HPIA 198) [154].

Sphyraena ensis; gills; marine; Tumbes (80°40′ S, 03°40′ W) (HPIA 198a-b) [155].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Tumbes (13°30′ S, 80°24′ W) (HPIA 212) [190].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Lima (12°5′ S, 78°11′ W) (CPMP 509) (new geographical extension) (present study).

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (CPMP 510) (present study).

Remarks

Referred to as Scomberocotyle sp. by Minaya et al. [154]. Status: valid species.

Thoracocotyle crocea MacCallum, 1913

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; La Libertad (IMT 433, UNMSM-LPFSZ-33) [11].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Ica [16].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Tumbes (13°30′ S, 80°24′ W) (HPIA 210) [190].

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Lima (12°5′ S, 78°11′ W) (CPMP 511) (new geographical extension) (present study).

Scomberomorus sierra; gills; marine; Tumbes (3°29′ S, 80°24′ W) (CPMP 512) (present study).

Remarks

The voucher that was initially deposited in the IMT has been redeposited in the UNMSM-LPFSZ, as the IMT collection has been deactivated. Status: valid species.

Order Polystomatidea Lebedev, 1988

Family Polystomatidae Gamble, 1896

Mesopolystoma samiriensis Vaucher, 1981

Osteocephalus taurinus; urinary bladder; terrest; Loreto (holotype, MHNG 980.472) [192].

Remarks

The description of this species was based on a single specimen. Status: valid species.

Polistoma sp.

Dendropsophus pauiniensis; urinary bladder; terrest; Madre de Dios (unpublished data, USNM 1377686, 1377687).

Wetapolystoma almae Gray, 1993

Rhinella margaritifera (type host); urinary bladder; terrest; Madre de Dios (holotype, USNM 1377688) [193].

Remarks

The description of this species was based on a single specimen. Status: valid species.

3.2. Host–Parasite List

Phylum Chordata Haeckel, 1874

Class Teleostei Müller, 1845

Order Acanthuriformes Jordan, 1923

Family Ephippidae Bleeker, 1859

Parapsettus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876

Sprostoniella lamothei, Parancylodiscoides chaetodipteri

Order Anabantiformes Britz, 1995

Family Osphronemidae van der Hoeven, 1832

Trichopodus trichopterus Pallas, 1770

Trianchoratus acleithrium

Order Beloniformes Berg, 1937

Family Belonidae Bonaparte, 1835

Strongylura scapularis Jordan & Gilbert, 1882

Tylosuricola amatoi, Loxura peruensis

Family Exocoetidae Risso, 1827

Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758

Axine ibanezi

Order Eupercaria Betancur-R et al., 2013 incertae sedis

Family Haemulidae Gill, 1885

Anisotremus scapularis Tschudi, 1846

Choricotyle anisotremi, C. scapularis, Encotyllabe antofagastensis, Intracotyle neghmei, Mexicana sp., Neobivagina chita

Brachygenys peruanus Hildebrand, 1946

Cynoscionicola intermedius

Haemulon steindachneri Jordan & Gilbert, 1882

Mexicana iannaconi

Isacia conceptionis Cuvier, 1830

Benedenia sp., Choricotyle isaciencis, C. sonorensis, Pseudoeurysorchis travassosi

Orthopristis chalceus Günther, 1864

Calceostoma sp.

Family Labridae Cuvier, 1816

Bodianus diplotaenia Gill, 1862

Haliotrema diplotaenia, H. saezae

Family Malacanthidae Poey, 1861

Caulolatilus sp.

Choricotyle caulolatili

Caulolatilus affinis Gill, 1865

Encotyllabe pagrosomi, Choricotyle caulolatili, Jaliscia sp., J. caballeroi

Caulolatilus princeps Jenyns, 1840

Choricotyle caulolatili, Jaliscia sp., J. caballeroi

Family Scaridae Rafinesque, 1810

Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert, 1882

Haliotrema sanchezae

Family Sciaenidae Cuvier, 1829

Cheilotrema fasciatum Tschudi, 1846

Cynoscionicola americanus, Hargicotyle magna, Diplectanidae gen. sp1., Diplectanidae gen. sp2., Diplectanum sp. 2., Diplectanum sp. 3., Rhamnocercus fasciatus

Cilus gilberti Abbott, 1899

Cynoscionicola americanus, Hargicotyle sp., Macrovalvitrema sp.

Cynoscion analis Jenyns, 1842

Cynoscionicola cynoscioni, Diplectanum sp. 1., Hargicotyle paralonchuri, Neoheterobothrium cynoscioni

Cynoscion phoxocephalus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882

Cynoscionella sanmarci

Menticirrhus elongatus Günther, 1864

Rhamnocercoides lambayequensis

Menticirrhus ophicephalus Jenyns, 1840

Cynoscionicola americanus, Hargicotyle menticirrhi, Rhamnocercoides menticirrhi

Micropogonias sp.

Pterinotrematoides mexicanus

Paralonchurus peruanus Steindachner, 1875

Euryhaliotrema paralonchuri, Diplectanidae gen. sp3., Diplectanum sp. 4., Rhamnocercus dominguesi, Hargicotyle chimbotensis, H. paralonchuri, H. peruensis, Cynoscionicola americanus

Pareques lanfeari Barton, 1947

Rhamnocercus chacllae, R. chaskae

Sciaena deliciosa Tschudi, 1846

Cynoscionicola sciaenae, Cynoscionicola veranoi, Encotyllabe sp1., Hargicotyle sciaenae, Macrovalvitrema sp.

Umbrina xanti Gill, 1862

Euryhaliotrema sagmatum

Family Sparidae Rafinesque, 1818

Calamus brachysomus Lockington, 1880

Euryhaliotrema luisae, E. magnopharyngis, Haliotrematoides mediohamides, H. prolixohamus, Magniexcipula lamothei

Order Carangaria Betancur-R et al., 2013 incertae sedis

Family Sphyraenidae Rafinesque, 1815

Sphyraena ensis Jordan & Gilbert, 1882

Metamicrocotyla macracantha, Pseudochauhanea mexicana, Scomberocotyle scomberomori

Family Polynemidae Rafinesque, 1815

Polydactylus approximans Lay & Bennett, 1839

Microcotyloides impudicus

Order Carangiformes Jordan, 1923

Family Carangidae Rafinesque, 1815

Caranx hippos Linnaeus, 1766

Allopyragraphorus caballeroi, Neomicrocotyle sp.

Chloroscombrus orqueta Jordan & Gilbert, 1883

Zeuxapta seriolae

Selene peruviana Guichenot, 1866

Metamicrocotyla macracantha, Oaxacotyle oaxacensis

Seriola peruana Steindachner, 1881

Pseudomazocraes sp.

Trachurus murphyi Nichols, 1920

Cemocotyle aff. trachuri

Trachinotus paitensis Cuvier, 1832

Bicotylophora trachinoti, Pyragraphorus pyragraphorus, Kuhnia sp.

Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833

Allencotyla mcintoshi

Order Centrarchiformes Bleeker, 1859

Family Cheilodactylidae Bonaparte, 1850

Cheilodactylus variegatus Valenciennes, 1833

Capsalidae gen. sp., Encotyllabe cheilodactyli, Microcotyle danielcarrioni, Microcotyle nemadactylus

Plagioscion squamosissimus Heckel, 1840

Euryhaliotrema chaoi, E. lovejoyi, E. monacanthus, E. potamocetes, E. succedaneus, E. thatcheri, Diplectanum decorum, D. pescadae, D. piscinarius

Stellifer minor Tschudi, 1846

Cynoscionicola sp., Cynoscionicola americanus, C. cynoscioni, Encotyllabe sp2., Hargicotyle magna, Loimos sp., Pedocotyle annakohnae, P. bravoi, Rhamnocercus sp., R. oliveri, R. rimaci, R. stelliferi, R. tantaleani.

Order Characiformes Goodrich, 1909

Family Bryconidae Eigenmann, 1912

Brycon amazonicus Spix & Agassiz, 1829

Anacanthorus femoris, A. kukamensis, A. rarus, A. sabaloi, A. spiralocirrus, Jainus peruensis, Notozothecium agusti

Brycon cephalus Günther, 1869

Jainus amazonensis

Family Characidae Latreille, 1825

Eretmobrycon peruanus Müller & Troschel, 1845

Anacanthocotyle sp.

Family Lebiasinidae Gill, 1889

Lebiasina bimaculata Valenciennes, 1847

Accessorius peruensis, Gyrodactylus bimaculatus, G. lebiasinus, G. slendrus, Onchocleidus sp.

Family Prochilodontidae Eigenmann, 1909

Prochilodus nigricans Spix & Agassiz, 1829

Apedunculata discoidea, Rhinonastes pseudocapsaloideum, Tereancistrum curimba, T. toksonum

Family Triportheidae Fowler, 1940

Triportheus angulatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829

Anacanthorus acuminatus, A. chaunophallus, A chelophorus, A. euryphallus, A. lygophallus, A. pithophallus, Ancistrohaptor falciferum, A. falcunculum, Jainus sp1., Jainus sp2., Jainus sp3.

Family Serrasalmidae Bleeker, 1859

Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1816

Anacanthorus sp2., A. spathulatus, Dactylogyridae gen. sp1., Dactylogyridae gen. sp9., Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylidae gen. sp., Mymarothecium sp., M. boegeri, M. iiapensis, M. viatorum, M. tantaliani, Notozothecium janauachensis

Myloplus schomburgkii Jardine, 1841

Anacanthorus sp1., A. camposbaci, A. carmenrosae, A. pedanophallus, Notozothecium sp2., N. bethae, N. nanayense

Piaractus brachypomus Cuvier, 1818

Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Mymarothecium viatorum

Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858

Amphithecium calycinum, A. camelum, A. cataloensis, A. falcatum, A. junki, Anacanthorus amazonicus, A. penilabiatus, A. ramosissimus, A. reginae, A. scapanus, A. stachophallus, A. stachophallus, A. thatcheri, Enallothecium aegidatum, Mymarothecium galeolum, M. viatorum, Notothecioides llewellyni, Notozothecium sp1., N. minor, N. mizellei, N. penetrarum, Rhinoxenus piranhus, Urocleidoides eremitus

Order Cichliformes Betancur-R et al., 2013

Family Cichlidae Bonaparte, 1835

Acaronia nassa Heckel, 1840

Gussevia sp1., Gussevia sp2., Gussevia sp3.

Aequidens tetramerus Heckel, 1840

Gussevia cichlasomatis, Gussevia sp4., Gussevia sp5., Gussevia sp6., Sciadicleithrum sp1.

Andinoacara rivulatus Günther, 1860

Urocleidus sp.

Apistogramma sp.

Dactylogyrus sp.

Astronotus ocellatus Agassiz, 1831

Gussevia asota, G. astronoti, G. rogersi

Biotodoma cupido Heckel, 1840

Biotodomella mirospinata, Sciadicleithrum sp2.

Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986

Sciadicleithrum sp3., Sciadicleithrum sp4.

Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840

Sciadicleithrum edgari

Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875

Gussevia tucunarensis

Cichla monoculus Agassiz, 1831

Gussevia arilla, G. longihaptor, G. tucanarensis, G. undulata, Sciadicleithrum ergensi, S. umbilicum, S. uncinatum, Tucunarella cichlae

Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983

Gussevia alii, G. cichlasomatis, G. disparoides, Gussevia sp7., Gussevia sp8., Gussevia sp10., Gussevia sp11., Sciadicleithrum variabile, Trinidactylus cichlasomatis

Cichlasoma sp.

Dactylogyrus sp.

Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840

Sciadicleithrum sp5., Sciadicleithrum sp6., Sciadicleithrum sp7.

Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840

Gussevia sp9., G. dispar, G. disparoides, Sciadicleithrum variabile

Heros severus Heckel, 1840

Gussevia alioides,

Mesonauta festivus Heckel, 1840

Gussevia sp12., Sciadicleithrum sp9.

Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991

Sciadicleithrum sp8.

Oreochromis sp.

Gyrodactylus sp3.

Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758

Cichlidogyrus sp., C. sclerosus, C. tilapiae

Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823

Dactylogyrus sp., Gussevia spiralocirra, Sciadicleithrum iphthimum

Satanoperca jurupari Heckel, 1840

Sciadicleithrum satanopercae

Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904

Dactylogyrus sp.

Symphysodon tarzoo Lyons, 1959

Sciadicleithrum variabile

Order Cypriniformes Goodrich, 1909

Family Cyprinidae Rafinesque, 1815

Carassius auratus Linnaeus, 1758

Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus sp.

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758

Dactylogyrus vastator

Order Cyprinodontiformes Parenti, 1981

Family Poeciliidae Bonaparte, 1831

Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859

Gyrodactylus turnbulli

Order Gadiformes Goodrich, 1909

Family Merlucciidae Rafinesque, 1815

Merluccius peruanus Ginsburg, 1954

Anthocotyle americana, A. merluccii

Order Mugiliformes Günther, 1880

Family Mugilidae Jarocki, 1822

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758

Ligophorus mugilinus, Neobenedia sp., Neobenedia pacifica, Pseudohaliotrema sp., Metamicrocotyla macracantha

Order Ophidiiformes Berg, 1937

Family Ophidiidae Rafinesque, 1810

Ophidiidae not identified

Neobenedia sp.

Brotula clarkae Hubbs, 1944

Brotulella laurafernandae, B. luisahelenae

Order Osteoglossiformes Greenwood et al., 1966

Family Arapaimidae Bonaparte, 1846

Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822

Dawestrema cycloancistrioides, D. cycloancistrium

Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1845

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Cuvier, 1829

Gonocleithrum aruanae, G. coenoideum, G. cursitans

Order Perciformes Johnson, 1984

Family Serranidae Swainson, 1839

Epinephelus labriformis Jenyns, 1840

Pseudorhabdosynochus anulus

Hemanthias peruanus Steindachner, 1875

Bicentenariella peruensis, Pronotogrammella scholzi

Hemanthias signifer Garman, 1899

Bicentenariella signiferi, Olivacotyle hemanthiasi

Hyporthodus niphobles Gilbert & Starks, 1897

Benedenia sp., Microcotyle sp.

Paralabrax humeralis Valenciennes, 1828

Hemitagia galapagensis

Paranthias colonus Valenciennes, 1846

Pseudorhabdosynochus jeanloui

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus Gill, 1863

Bicentenariella claudiae, B. puertopizarroensis, B. sinuosa, Pronotogrammella boegeri, P. multifasciatus, P. scholzi

Order Scombriformes Johnson, 1986

Family Centrolophidae Bonaparte, 1846

Schedophilus haedrichi Chirichigno F., 1973

Teleurysorchis gumercindae

Seriolella violacea Guichenot, 1848

Paraeurysorchis sarmientae

Family Scombridae Rafinesque, 1815

Thunnus albacares Bonnaterre, 1788

Capsala biparasitica, Nasicola klawei

Thunnus obesus Lowe, 1839

Capsala paucispinosa, Nasicola klawei, Areotestis sibi, Hexostoma lintoni

Sarda chiliensis Cuvier, 1832

Capsala gregalis

Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782

Kuhnia sp., K. indica, K. scombri, K. sprostonae

Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks, 1895

Mexicotyle mexicana, Pseudaxine sp., Scomberocotyle scomberomori, Thoracocotyle crocea

Family Stromateidae Rafinesque, 1810

Peprilus medius Peters, 1869

Oaxacotyle oaxacensis

Peprilus snyderi Gilbert & Starks, 1904

Oaxacotyle oaxacensis

Order Siluriformes Hay, 1929

Family Auchenipteridae Bleeker, 1862

Ageneiosus vittatus Steindachner, 1908

Boegeriella conica, Dactylogyridae gen. sp2.

Centromochlus heckelii De Filippi, 1853

Demidospermus centromochli

Trachelyopterus sp.

Cosmetocleithrum baculum, C. laciniatum

Family Ariidae Bleeker, 1858

Galeichthys peruvianus Lütken, 1874

Hamatopeduncularia sp.

Family Callichthyidae Bonaparte, 1835

Corydoras ambiacus Cope, 1872

Philocorydoras alcantarai, P. beleniensis

Corydoras multiradiatus Orcés V., 1960

Philocorydoras jumboi, P. multiradiatus

Corydoras splendens Castelnau, 1855

Philocorydoras maltai, P. peruensis

Family Doradidae Bleeker, 1858

Anadoras grypus Cope, 1872

Cosmetocleithrum infinitum

Hassar sp.

Ameloblastella sp1.

Hassar orestis Steindachner, 1875

Cosmetocleithrum bifurcum

Nemadoras hemipeltis Eigenmann, 1925

Cosmetocleithrum tortum

Megalodoras uranoscopus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888

Cosmetocleithrum falsunilatum

Oxydoras niger Valenciennes, 1821

Cosmetocleithrum confusum, C. gigas, C. gussevi, C. parvum, C. rarum, C. sobrinus

Pterodoras granulosus Valenciennes, 1821

Cosmetocleithrum bulbocirrus, Vancleaveus janauacaensis

Family Heptapteridae Gill, 1861

Goeldiella eques Müller & Troschel, 1849

Aphanoblastella sp., A. aurorae

Pimelodella yuncensis Steindachner, 1902

Cleidodiscus sp., Gyrodactylus pimelodellus, Scleroductus yuncensi

Family Loricariidae Rafinesque, 1815

Farlowella amazonum Günther, 1864

Oogyrodactylus farlowellae

Loricaria sp.

Demidospermus wilberi

Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903

Heteropriapulus heterotylus, Unilatus brittani, U. unilatus

Pterygoplichthys pardalis Castelnau, 1855

Unilatus unilatus, U. brittani, Trinigyrus peregrinus

Family Pimelodidae Bonaparte, 1835

Pimelodidae gen. sp.

Ameloblastella formatrium

Aguarunichthys torosus Stewart, 1986

Unibarra paranoplatensis

Brachyplatystoma juruense Boulenger, 1898)

Boegeriella conica, Demidospermus mortenthaleri

Brachyplatystoma tigrinum Britski, 1981

Peruanella madredediosensis

Brachyplatystoma vaillantii Valenciennes, 1840

Demidospermus sp1., Demidospermus sp2.

Calophysus macropterus Lichtenstein, 1819

Ameloblastella unapi, Demidospermus sp3., D. macropteri

Hemisorubim platyrhynchos Valenciennes, 1840

Ameloblastella martinae, Vancleaveus platyrhynchi

Hypophthalmus sp.

Ameloblastella peruensis

Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829

Ameloblastella sp2., A. edentensis, Dactylogyridae gen. sp5., Dactylogyridae gen. sp6., Dactylogyridae gen. sp7.

Pimelodus sp.

Ameloblastella unapioides, Demidospermus brevicirrus, D. curvovaginatus, D. peruvianus, D. striatus

Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes, 1840

Demidospermus peruvianus, D. striatus

Pimelodus ornatus Kner, 1858

Demidospermus peruvianus

Platynematichthys notatus Jardine, 1841

Boegeriella conica, Dactylogyridae gen. sp3, Dactylogyridae gen. sp8.

Platystomatichthys sturio Kner, 1858

Boegeriella ophiocirrus

Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum Linnaeus, 1766

Vancleaveus fungulus

Pseudoplatystoma punctifer Castelnau, 1855

Ameloblastella martinae, Demidospermus doncellae, Mymarothecium sp., Nanayella sp., Peruanella aureagarciae, Vancleaveus cicinnus, V. fungulus

Sorubim lima Bloch & Schneider, 1801

Ameloblastella martinae, A. unapioides, Dactylogiridae gen. sp4., Nanayella aculeatrium, N. megorchis

Family Trichomycteridae Bleeker, 1858

Trichomycterus punctulatus Valenciennes, 1846

Gyrodactylus sp.

Class Elasmobranchii Müller, 1845

Order Carcharhiniformes Garman, 1913

Family Triakidae Gray, 1851

Mustelus sp.

Erpocotyle sp.

Mustelus dorsalis Gill, 1864

Loimos scoliodoni

Triakis maculata Kner & Steindachner, 1867

Erpocotyle sp.

Order Chimaeriformes Patterson, 1965

Family Callorhinchidae Garman, 1901

Callorhinchus callorynchus Linnaeus, 1758

Callorhynchicola branchialis, Callorhynchocotyle callorhynchi, C. marplatensis

Order Myliobatiformes Compagno, 1973

Family Dasyatidae Jordan & Gilbert, 1879

Hypanus dipterurus Jordan & Gilbert, 1880

Heterocotyle margaritae, Hypanocotyle bullardi, Listrocephalos kearni, Loimopapillosum pascuali, Monocotyle luquei, Peruanocotyle chisholmae

Family Myliobatidae Bonaparte, 1835

Myliobatis peruvianus Garman, 1913

Benedeniella sp.

Family Potamotrygonidae Garman, 1877

Potamotrygon motoro Müller & Henle, 1841

Potamotrygonocotyle chisholmae, P. dromedarius

Potamotrygon sp.

Potamotrygonocotyle rionegrense, P. tsalickisi

Order Rhinopristiformes Naylor et al., 2012

Family Rhinobatidae Bonaparte, 1835

Pseudobatos planiceps Garman, 1880

Anoplocotyloides chorrillensis, A. papillatus, Heterocotyle sp., Rhinobatonchocotyle pacifica

Class Amphibia Linnaeus, 1758

Orden Anura Duméril, 1806

Family Bufonidae Gray, 1825

Rhinella margaritifera Laurenti, 1768

Wetapolystoma almae

Family Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815

Dendropsophus pauiniensis Heyer, 1977

Polistoma sp.

Osteocephalus taurinus Steindachner, 1862

Mesopolystoma samiriensis

4. Discussion

The checklist presented herein includes 358 taxa of monogeneans, comprising 270 nominal species and 88 taxa identified across different hierarchical levels, found in 145 host species. Among these, 335 taxa have been reported from bony fishes, 20 from cartilaginous fish and three species, namely Mesopolystoma samiriensis, Polistoma sp. and Wetapolystoma almae, found in amphibian hosts. The diversity of recorded monogeneans in Peru is comparable to that found in other countries across South and Central America, such as Brazil and Mexico, with 471 and 367 taxa, respectively [9,194]. However, this diversity is lower than in other regions of the world, such as in China, which boasts 581 species of monogeneans from aquatic vertebrates. Given the diverse spectrum of aquatic hosts inhabiting Peru, including freshwater fish, marine fish, and amphibians, there exists a conducive environment to support a rich diversity of monogenean species. Monogeneans, known for their exceptional specialization among parasites, demonstrate a unique affinity for specific host species. This specialization often results in a high degree of host specificity, suggesting that the potential diversity of monogenean species in Peru could be substantial. Out of the 10 orders of monogeneans recorded worldwide, 8 of them have been documented in Peru. The order with the highest number of species is Dactylogyroidea Bychowsky, 1933, which includes, among others, monogeneans from the families Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933 and Diplectanidae Monticelli, 1903 (Figure 1). These families are recognized for their extensive diversity in the Neotropical region. The Dactylogyridae, with 50 genera and 217 species, is the most diverse family in Peru (Figure 1). This family comprises around 166 genera and over 1000 species worldwide [195]. Consequently, in Peru, nearly one-fourth of the known genera are reported, indicating the high diversity of this family in the country. Freshwater dactylogyrids exhibited the highest number of species. Among these, members of the genus Anacanthorus Mizelle & Price, 1965 are notably the most extensively studied group, primarily parasitizing characiformes fish in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon. In relation to the Diplectanidae, 24 taxa parasitizing fish in Peru have been documented, with the genus Rhamnocercus Monaco, Wood & Mizelle, 1954 being the most diverse in terms of the number of species. In fact, out of the 12 currently recognized Rhamnocercus species, 8 are recorded in Peru [125]. The diversity of dactylogyroid monogeneans is owed largely to the endeavors of specific researchers who commenced a series of taxonomic studies in recent years focusing on both marine [57,125] and freshwater dactylogyroids [42,82,83,102].

The initial advancement in understanding monogeneans in marine fish from the Peruvian Sea (southeastern Pacific Ocean) was conducted by Dr. Manuel Tantaléan Vidaurre (†) in 1973 (Figure 2).

This study formed a part of his doctoral thesis titled “Nuevo género y nuevas especies de monogeneos parásitos de peces de algunas áreas de la costa peruana”. Within this research, seven species of monogeneans were identified, among which six were newly discovered species and one belonged to a previously unknown genus in the scientific community. Since then, investigations into this crucial group of parasites in Peru have persisted until the present day. Iannacone and Luque [14] made the pioneering effort to collate information on monogenean records in the country, concentrating solely on those associated with marine fish. Their list documented a total of 37 species, with only two, at that juncture, recorded as infecting elasmobranch fish. However, it is crucial to note that certain records considered in the work of Iannacone & Luque [14] lacked support from formal publications (merely presented at scientific meetings), and in some instances, like that of Bicotylophora trachinoti, there was an absence of material deposited in a scientific collection. Cohen et al. [196] increased the understanding of monogeneans in Peru by compiling a list that encompassed monogeneans infecting both freshwater and marine fish, along with amphibians. By that point, 115 monogeneans had been identified in Peru. The most recent inventory of monogeneans in marine and freshwater fish from Peru was carried out by Luque et al. [9]. In that enumeration, a total of 135 nominal species and 40 unidentified species were reported. These figures stand in contrast to the 259 nominal species and 79 undetermined species documented in the current work, signaling a substantial expansion in knowledge regarding the diversity of Peruvian monogeneans in a mere span of 7 years (Figure 2).

The taxonomic exploration of monogeneans in Peru has primarily relied on morphological data [41,43,49,52,53,63,64,85,106,111,112,113,116,121,125,137,138] with limited integration of molecular methodologies to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among species [34,36,54,57,61,62,107,141,146,149]. As of the present date, molecular characterization has been performed on 51 monogenean species, including 48 species within the Dactylogyridae [34,36,54,57,61,62,107], 2 within the Hexabothriidae [146,149], and 1 within the Monocotylidae [141]. Dactylogyrids infecting siluriform fish have been the most extensively studied species using molecular approaches to comprehend their phylogenetic interrelations [34,36,54,57,61,62,107]. On the other hand, in marine monogeneans, specifically polyopisthocotylean, there have been few studies that have combined both morphological and molecular datasets [146,149]. Integrating these approaches is pivotal for a comprehensive understanding of the intricate taxonomy and phylogenetic associations within these parasites. A more holistic perspective, combining morphological characters and molecular markers, is crucial to delineate species boundaries, resolve evolutionary relationships, and elucidate the co-evolutionary dynamics between monogeneans and their host species, thus advancing our comprehension of their diversity and evolutionary history [197].

A major concern highlighted in this study pertains to the deactivation of two national scientific collections, IMT and CHURP, which previously housed a substantial quantity of type materials and vouchers of monogeneans, resulting in the loss of these specimens. These collections, initially established through the dedication of Peruvian researchers, have gradually dissipated over time with the absence of their founders, resulting in a significant loss of valuable material and exerting a detrimental impact on monogenean research in Peru. A specific example is observed in Oliva & Luque [89], who reported on three unidentified species of Diplectanidae infecting Sciaenidae fish: Diplectanidae gen. sp1. and Diplectanidae gen. sp2. from C. fasciatum, and Diplectanidae gen. sp3. from P. peruanus. The voucher material of these species was deposited in the CHURP, but since this collection has been deactivated and its material has been misplaced, an irreparable loss has occurred. Furthermore, Chero et al. [124] described a new Rhamnocercus species, R. dominguesi, in the same hosts studied by Oliva & Luque [89], suggesting that the specimens reported as Diplectanidae gen. sp3. by Oliva & Luque [89] could correspond to those described by Chero et al. [124]. Similarly, Chero et al. [125] described R. fasciatus in C. fasciata. This species may possibly be conspecific with either Diplectanidae gen. sp1. or Diplectanidae gen. sp2 from Oliva & Luque [89]. Unfortunately, this claim cannot be verified due to the loss of voucher specimens, resulting in a significant gap in available scientific information on Peruvian monogeneans. A more critical situation emerged with the complete loss of the type material deposited at CHURP for Euryhaliotrema paralonchuri, Rhamnocercoides menticirrhi, Rhamnocercus oliveri, and R. stelliferi. Chero et al. [124] redescribed Rh. menticirrhi and designated new type material (neotype and paraneotypes). Nevertheless, the other three species still require the designation of new type material, posing challenges for future research. Additionally, part of the type material for Anoplocotyloides chorrillensis (holotype), Hargicotyle magna (paratypes), H. paralonchuri (paratypes), Pedocotyle annakohnae (paratypes), and P. bravae (paratypes) from CHURP has been lost. Fortunately, specimens of these species were deposited in different collections, such as MUSM-HEL, USNM, CHIOC, and CNHE. Furthermore, depositing type material or voucher specimens of parasites in enduring scientific collections is essential for preserving natural history and biological diversity, facilitating current and future research, and supporting integrity and replicability in advancing scientific knowledge [198]. The Scientific Collection of Helminths and Related Invertebrates at the Natural History Museum of the National University of San Marcos (MUSM-HEL) stands as the most significant collection in Peru, is acknowledged internationally, and has been actively contributing since 1960. This collection houses a considerable number of type materials of monogenean parasites, predominantly derived from marine environments. Strengthening this collection hinges on researchers considering it as a primary option for depositing their type materials of helminths.

5. Conclusions

The checklist reveals a significant diversity of monogeneans in Peru, with 358 taxa identified, including 270 nominal species and 88 taxa classified at various hierarchical levels. Additionally, the study emphasizes the dominance of certain monogenean families, particularly Dactylogyridae and Diplectanidae, which constitute the majority of recorded species. Lastly, the checklist raises concerns about the loss of scientific collections containing valuable type materials and voucher specimens of monogeneans.