Postmortem Collection of Gametes for the Conservation of Endangered Mammals: A Review of the Current State-of-the-Art
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Male Gametes
3.1. Anatomy
3.2. Handling and Transport of the Testes and Epididymides
3.3. Collection Methods and Sperm Quality
3.3.1. Equidae
3.3.2. Bovidae
3.3.3. Felidae
4. Female Gametes
4.1. Anatomy of the Ovaries
4.2. Collection Method
4.2.1. Equidae
4.2.2. Bovidae
4.2.3. Felidae
5. Artificial Reproduction Techniques (ARTs)
5.1. Artificial Insemination
5.2. In Vitro Embryo Production
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Domestic Animal | Family | Wildlife Animal | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Domestic horse (Equus caballus) | Equidae | Mountain zebra (Equus zebra) | [13] |
Plains zebra (Equus quagga) | [14] | ||
Grévy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) | [14] | ||
Donkey (Equus asinus) | [15] | ||
Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) | [16] | ||
Domestic cattle (Bos taurus) | Bovidae | American bison (Bison bison) | [17] |
European bison (Bison bonasus) | [18] | ||
Banteng (Bos javanicus) | [19] | ||
Wild yak (Bos mutus) | [19] | ||
Domestic cat (Felis catus) | Felidae | Serval (Leptailurus serval) | [20] |
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) | [21] | ||
Sand cat (Felis margarita) | [22] | ||
Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) | [23] | ||
Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris) | [24] | ||
Caracal (Caracal caracal) | [25] | ||
Jungle cat (Felis chaus) | [26] |
Family | Species | Testis Weight (Grams) | Epididymal Weight (Grams) | Total Sperm Output | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equidae | Horse | 103.0 ± 6.3 | 18.5−21.5 | 1.9–7.5 × 109 | [33] |
Donkey | - | 14.2 ± 2.3 | 6.4–14.8 × 109 | [34] | |
Egyptian donkey | 91.92 ± 4.66 | 2.52 ± 0.12 | - | [35] | |
Bovidae | Cattle | 272 ± 11 | 23 ± 1 | 13.3 ± 0.7 × 109 | [36] |
Awassi sheep | 157.6 | 22.5 ± 1.1 | 55.8 × 109 | [37] | |
Moufflon | 191.11 ± 4.9 | 34.36 ± 0.7 | - | [38] | |
Red Sokoto goat | 56.3 | 6.97 | - | [39] | |
Afar goat | 67.6 ± 3.49 | 10.7 ± 1.20 | - | [40] | |
Long-eared Somali goat | 74.8 ± 5.81 | 11.1 ± 1.44 | - | [40] | |
Woyto-Guji goat | 67.6 ± 3.97 | 7.92 ± 1.06 | - | [40] | |
Felidae | Domestic cat | 1.49 ± 0.52 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | - | [41] |
Family | Species | Technique | Transportation Temperature | Semen ConcentrationmL−1 | Motility | Production of Embryo or Offspring | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equidae | Plains zebra (Equus quagga) | No data | No data | No data | No data | + | [63] |
Retrograde flushing | No data | No data | No data | + | [62] | ||
Bovidae | Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) | Epididymal mincing | 12 °C | No data | 87.1% | - | [72] |
Epididymal mincing | 12 °C | No data | 78.1% | + | [73] | ||
Retrograde flushing | 9–11 °C | No data | 83.7% | + | [74] | ||
Sumatran serows (Capricorns sumatraensis sumatraensis) | Testicular mincing | 4–5 °C | No data | No data | - | [47] | |
Cantabric chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) | Epididymal mincing | 4–5 °C | 3.8 × 109 | 85.0% | - | [45] | |
Epididymal mincing | Refrigerated | No data | 68.7% | - | [75] | ||
Mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) | Epididymal mincing | Ambient temperature | No data | 60–80% | - | [48] | |
Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) | Epididymal mincing | Ambient temperature | No data | 75% | - | [48] | |
European bison (Bison bonasus) | Epididymal mincing | 15 °C | 3.2 × 107 | 60–90% | + | [76] | |
Epididymal mincing | No data | 1.90 × 109 | No data | - | [77] | ||
Epididymal mincing | No data | No data | No data | + | [78] | ||
Moufflon (Ovis musimon) | Epididymal mincing | 22 °C | 3.7 × 109 | 80.3% | + | [38] | |
Retrograde flushing | No data | No data | 61.3% | - | [79] | ||
Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | ||
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) | Retrograde flushing | 4–5 °C | No data | 86.2% | - | [80] | |
Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | ||
Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Southern lechwe (Kobus leche) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Defassa waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Impala (Aepyceros melampus) | Retrograde flushing | 4–5 °C | No data | 82.9% | - | [80] | |
Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | ||
Blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) | Retrograde flushing | 4–5 °C | No data | 85.8% | - | [80] | |
Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | ||
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) | Epididymal mincing | No data | No data | 50–60% | + | [81] | |
Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Cape eland (Taurotragus oryx) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Dwarf forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus) | Retrograde flushing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [53] | |
Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) | Epididymal mincing | On ice | 2.1 × 108 | 66% | - | [82] | |
Felidae | Jungle cat (Felis chaus) | Testicular mincing | 4–5 °C | No data | No data | - | [47] |
Tiger (Panthera tigris) | Epididymal mincing | 20–24 °C | 5.2 × 107 | 38.3% | - | [83] | |
Lion (Panthera leo) | Testicular mincing | 4–5 °C | No data | No data | - | [47] | |
Epididymal mincing | No data | No data | No data | + | [84] | ||
Leopard (Panthera pardus) | Testicular mincing | 4–5 °C | No data | No data | - | [47] | |
Epididymal mincing | No data | No data | No data | + | [84] | ||
Puma (Felis concolor) | Epididymal mincing | No data | No data | No data | + | [84] | |
Epididymal mincing | 4 °C | No data | No data | - | [85] | ||
Jaguar (Panthera onca) | Epididymal mincing | No data | No data | No data | + | [84] |
Family | Species | Technique | Transportation Temperature | Number of Oocytes | % IVM | Production of Embryo or Offspring | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bovidae | American Bison (Bison bison) | Aspiration | 25–28 °C | 9836 | No data | + | [104] |
European bison (Bison bonansus) | Aspiration | 30 °C | 50 | 84.3% * | + | [78] | |
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) | Cutting | 38.5 °C | 517 | 63.6% | + | [81] | |
Felidae | Lion (Panthera leo) | Sieving | No data | 66 | 69.7% | - | [84] |
Cutting | Immediately processed | 119 ** | 52.1% ** | + | [105] | ||
Cutting | 37 °C | 33 | 53.8% | - | [95] | ||
Tiger (Panthera tigris) | Sieving | No data | 63 | 54.0% | - | [84] | |
Cutting | 37 °C | 22 | 56.3% | - | [95] | ||
Leopard (Panthera pardus) | Sieving | No data | 9 | 55.6% | - | [84] | |
Cutting | 37 °C | 64 | 58.7% | - | [95] | ||
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) | Cutting | 4 °C | 47 | 48.0% * | - | [106] | |
Serval (Leptailurus serval) | Cutting | 4 °C | 30 | No data | - | [106] | |
Pallas’s cat (Felis manul) | Cutting | 4 °C | 104 | 50.0% * | - | [106] | |
Puma (Felis concolor) | Sieving | No data | 25 | 80.0% | - | [84] |
Family | Species | PM Gamete | Technique | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equidae | Plains zebra (Equus quagga) | Sperm | ICSI with horse oocyte | 6.12%, day 11 blastocyst rate No embryo transfer | [63] |
Sperm | ICSI with horse oocyte | 7% blastocyst rate No embryo transfer | [62] | ||
Bovidae | European bison (Bison bonasus) | Sperm | AI | 2/30 (6.7%) gave birth to hybrid calves | [76] |
Sperm and Oocyte | IVF | 10.7% morula plus early blastocyst rate 3/5 (60%) pregnant after interspecies embryo transfer No offspring | [78] | ||
American bison (Bison bison) | Oocyte | IVF | 8.3% blastocyst rate 1/10 (10%) gave birth | [104] | |
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) | Sperm and Oocyte | IVF | 42% cleaved 0% blastocyst rate | [81] | |
Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) | Sperm | AI | 1/6 (16.7%) gave birth | [73] | |
Sperm and Oocyte | IVF with domestic goat oocyte | 21.2% blastocyst rate No embryo transfer | [74] | ||
Moufflon (Ovis musimon) | Sperm | IVF | 53% cleaved No embryo transfer | [38] | |
Felidae | Lion (Panthera leo) | Sperm and Oocyte | IVF of lion oocyte with lion semen + domestic cat semen | 31.6% embryos > 8 cells with lion semen 0% embryos > 8 cells with domestic cat semen No embryo transfer | [84] |
Oocyte | ICSI | 24.1% cleaved 0% blastocyst rate | [105] | ||
Tiger (Panthera tigris) | Sperm and Oocyte | IVF with domestic cat semen | 0% embryos > 8 cells | [84] | |
Leopard (Panthera pardus) | Sperm and Oocyte | IVF with domestic cat semen | 22.2% embryos > 8 cells No embryo transfer | [84] | |
Sperm | IVF with domestic cat oocyte | 19.5% embryos > 8 cells No embryo transfer | [84] | ||
Puma (Felis concolor) | Sperm and Oocyte | IVF | 20% embryos > 8 cells No embryo transfer | [84] |
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Huijsmans, T.E.R.G.; Hassan, H.A.; Smits, K.; Van Soom, A. Postmortem Collection of Gametes for the Conservation of Endangered Mammals: A Review of the Current State-of-the-Art. Animals 2023, 13, 1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081360
Huijsmans TERG, Hassan HA, Smits K, Van Soom A. Postmortem Collection of Gametes for the Conservation of Endangered Mammals: A Review of the Current State-of-the-Art. Animals. 2023; 13(8):1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081360
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuijsmans, Tim E. R. G., Hiba Ali Hassan, Katrien Smits, and Ann Van Soom. 2023. "Postmortem Collection of Gametes for the Conservation of Endangered Mammals: A Review of the Current State-of-the-Art" Animals 13, no. 8: 1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081360