Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Treatment Administration
2.3. Umbilical Hernia Repair
2.4. Measurement of Physiological Parameters
2.5. Assessment of Sedation and Response to Surgical Stimulus
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Animals and Surgery
3.2. Physiological Parameters
3.3. Sedation, Response to Surgical Stimulus, and Postoperative Pain
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Treatment | Time | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 (0 min) | T5 (5 min) | T10 (10 min) | T15 (15 min) | T25 (25 min) | T35 (35 min) | T45 (45 min) | T55 (55 min) | ||
HR (beats/min) | B | 80.5 (80–84) † | 56.5 (54–58) * | 100 (98–101) † | 63 (60–65) † | 55 (53–57) *,† | 80 (76–82)† | 43.5 (40–45) *,† | 82 (80–85) |
SI | 121.5 (118–125) | 57.5 (54–60) * | 70.5 (68–75) * | 52.5 (50–56) * | 89 (86–91) | 91.5 (90–95) | 87 (83–90) * | 84.5 (81–90) * | |
RR (breaths/min) | B | 50 (47–54) † | 33.5 (30–38) | 43.5 (40–50) † | 63.5 (60–67) *,† | 50.5 (47–54) † | 55 (51–58) † | 60 (48–64) † | 63 (60–66) *,† |
SI | 80.5 (76–85) | 32 (28–36) * | 30.5 (28–34) * | 50.5 (48–54) | 35.5 (32–38) | 32 (29–38) * | 31.5 (28–35) * | 32 (28–35) * | |
SAP (mmHg) | B | 80.5 (76–85) † | 120.5 (118–124) *,† | 80.5 (76–85) † | 100 (95–103) *,† | 94.5 (90–98) † | 124 (121–127) *,† | 87.5 (81–93) † | 118 (115–121) *,† |
SI | 111.5 (107–115) | 124.5 (121–127) | 93.5 (92–97) * | 121.5 (118–124) | 100.5 (97–108) | 105.5 (100–115) | 104.5 (100–109) | 102.5 (98–107) | |
MAP (mmHg) | B | 70 (63–75) † | 82 (77–86) *,† | 76.4 (73–81) *,† | 77.8 (73–85) *,† | 74.5 (70–80) *,† | 86.9 (75–93) *,† | 57.6 (55–62) * | 91.8 (85–100) *,† |
SI | 97 (95–103) | 82 (77–87) * | 71.5 (68–74) * | 81 (79–85) * | 82.5 (79–88) * | 86 (81–92) * | 85.8 (79–90) * | 83 (74–89) * | |
DAP (mmHg) | B | 44 (41–48) † | 63.3 (58–67) * | 44 (40–48) † | 56.8 (52–65) *,† | 56.3 (52–61) * | 61.5 (57–66) *,† | 42.8 (40–45) † | 64.2 (57–72) *,† |
SI | 57.5 (55–63) | 63 (59–67) * | 48 (45–50) * | 63.5 (61–67) * | 54 (49–58) * | 55.5 (51–60) | 55.5 (50–60) | 55 (47–60) | |
Response to surgical stimulus (CPS 0–12) | B | 3.5 (2–4) † | 6 (5–7) † | 3 (2–3) † | 6 (4–7) † | 4 (2–5) † | 8 (6–9) † | ||
SI | 0 (0–0) | 1 (1–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | |||
Sedation (SDS 0–3) | B | 0 (0–0) | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 1 (1–1) † |
SI | 0 (0–0) | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 3 (3–3) * | 2 (2–2) | |
Time after the calves readopted a standing position | |||||||||
RT20 (20 min) | RT30 (30 min) | RT40 (40 min) | RT50 (50 min) | ||||||
Postoperative pain (NRS 0–10) | B | 1 (0–3) | 3 (0–3) | 3 (0–4) | 3 (0–4) | ||||
SI | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) |
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Costa, G.L.; Leonardi, F.; Interlandi, C.; Licata, P.; Lizarraga, I.; Macrì, F.; Macrì, D.; Ferrantelli, V.; Spadola, F. Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals 2023, 13, 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071145
Costa GL, Leonardi F, Interlandi C, Licata P, Lizarraga I, Macrì F, Macrì D, Ferrantelli V, Spadola F. Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals. 2023; 13(7):1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071145
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta, Giovanna L., Fabio Leonardi, Claudia Interlandi, Patrizia Licata, Ignacio Lizarraga, Francesco Macrì, Daniele Macrì, Vincenzo Ferrantelli, and Filippo Spadola. 2023. "Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair" Animals 13, no. 7: 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071145
APA StyleCosta, G. L., Leonardi, F., Interlandi, C., Licata, P., Lizarraga, I., Macrì, F., Macrì, D., Ferrantelli, V., & Spadola, F. (2023). Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals, 13(7), 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071145