Unraveling the Sexual Dimorphism of First Instar Nymphs of the Giant Stick Insect, Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835, from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Abstract
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Phenotypic Description of the First Instar Nymph
3.1.1. General Aspect
(±SD) | Median | IQR | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall length | Female | 22.2 (0.151) | 22.3 | 0.175 | 4.68 | <0.05 * |
Male | 22.0 (0.241) | 22 | 0.100 | |||
Head length | Female | 1.95 (0.053) | 1.95 | 0.100 | 0.192 | 0.661 |
Male | 1.96 (0.0516) | 2 | 0.100 | |||
Head width | Female | 2 (0.067) | 2 | 0 | 2.887 | 0.089 |
Male | 1.95 (0.053) | 1.95 | 0.100 | |||
Antenna | Female | 13.1 (0.225) | 13.0 | 0.175 | 0.0247 | 0.875 |
Male | 13.1 (0.212) | 13.0 | 0.200 | |||
Prothorax length | Female | 1.18 (0.103) | 1.2 | 0.175 | 0 | 1 |
Male | 0.092 (1.2) | 1.2 | 0.075 | |||
Mesothorax length | Female | 5.08 (0.123) | 5.05 | 0.175 | 4.263 | <0.05 * |
Male | 4.91 (0.197) | 5 | 0.075 | |||
Metathorax length | Female | 4.28 (0.162) | 4.3 | 0.175 | 3.41 | 0.065 |
Male | 4.15 (0.127) | 4.1 | 0.100 | |||
Abdomen length | Female | 9.76 (0.158) | 9.8 | 0.25 | 0.472 | 0.492 |
Male | 9.82 (0.262) | 9.85 | 0.45 | |||
Fore leg | Female | 15.9 (0.279) | 16 | 0.075 | 12.351 | <0.05 * |
Male | 15.2 (0.179) | 15.2 | 0.275 | |||
Middle leg | Female | 13.3 (0.246) | 13.4 | 0.40 | 0.997 | 0.318 |
Male | 13.2 (0.211) | 13.2 | 0.425 | |||
Hind leg | Female | 16.6 (0.392) | 16.8 | 0.550 | 4.229 | <0.05 * |
Male | 16.2 (0.217) | 16.2 | 0.350 | |||
Mesothoracic suture | Female | 0.99 (0.110) | 1 | 0.075 | 2.839 | 0.092 |
Male | 1.07 (0.067) | 1 | 0.100 | |||
Metathoracic suture | Female | 1.07 (0.082) | 1.1 | 0.075 | 3.344 | 0.067 |
Male | 1.13 (0.048) | 1.1 | 0.075 |
3.1.2. Coloration
3.1.3. Structure and Vestiture
3.2. Sexual Dimorphism in First Instar Nymphs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Costa, J.; Torres, L.; Paschoaletto, L.; Pimenta, A.L.A.; Benítez, H.A.; Suazo, M.J.; Reigada, C.; Gil-Santana, H.R. Unraveling the Sexual Dimorphism of First Instar Nymphs of the Giant Stick Insect, Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835, from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Animals 2023, 13, 3474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223474
Costa J, Torres L, Paschoaletto L, Pimenta ALA, Benítez HA, Suazo MJ, Reigada C, Gil-Santana HR. Unraveling the Sexual Dimorphism of First Instar Nymphs of the Giant Stick Insect, Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835, from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Animals. 2023; 13(22):3474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223474
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta, Jane, Lucas Torres, Leticia Paschoaletto, Ana Luiza Anes Pimenta, Hugo A. Benítez, Manuel J. Suazo, Carolina Reigada, and Hélcio R. Gil-Santana. 2023. "Unraveling the Sexual Dimorphism of First Instar Nymphs of the Giant Stick Insect, Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835, from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil" Animals 13, no. 22: 3474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223474
APA StyleCosta, J., Torres, L., Paschoaletto, L., Pimenta, A. L. A., Benítez, H. A., Suazo, M. J., Reigada, C., & Gil-Santana, H. R. (2023). Unraveling the Sexual Dimorphism of First Instar Nymphs of the Giant Stick Insect, Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835, from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Animals, 13(22), 3474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223474