Modification of Domestic Animal Lameness Scales for Use in Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus)
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Animals Asia Foundation, Hong Kong Post Box P.O. Box 374, General Post Office, Hong Kong
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Animal Behavior Graduate Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Miller Veterinary Services, PLLC, Loveland, CO 80539, USA
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2023, 13(21), 3302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213302
Submission received: 15 August 2023
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Revised: 16 October 2023
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Accepted: 19 October 2023
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Published: 24 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoo and Aquarium Welfare, Ethics, Behavior)
Simple Summary
Lameness scales are useful tools to identify and monitor potentially painful conditions in animals, such as acute bone, tendon, or tissue injuries as well as chronic arthritis. Pain assessment is an integral part of assessing animal welfare, especially in a zoo, aquarium, or sanctuary setting, where residents may acquire injuries or suffer from chronic conditions due to old age. While lameness scales have been developed for domestic animals, none are available for bears. Using existing scales, the Bear Lameness Scale was developed for Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) housed at their sanctuaries and can be used on other bear species. The scale was tested for reliability within different assessors and shown to be reliable regardless of previous experience working with bears. Having a reliable scale such as this improves the medical care given to bears in captivity, therefore improving their overall welfare.
Abstract
Lameness in animals is a welfare concern as it can be an indicator of pain. A standardized bear lameness scale would significantly improve the ability of facilities that house bears to monitor, manage, and treat lameness in their animals. The Animals Asia bear rescue center in Vietnam holds over 180 rescued bears with varying health and mobility conditions as a result of the illegal bear bile trade, and a reliable lameness assessment system was needed. Bear locomotion includes a lumbering gait, which differs from domestic animal locomotion, necessitating the modification of domestic animal lameness scales, and a five-point lameness scale was developed. Professionals from various veterinary-related backgrounds scored bear lameness videos to assess interobserver reliability and the intraclass correlation coefficient indicated good to excellent reliability. A 15-min training video with examples of lameness and grades was provided before assessment. The lameness scale developed herein addresses the lack of a published lameness scale for bears, and, due to the similar locomotion of the genus, can be used on any bear species. This scale is a consistent and reliable tool for evaluating and documenting lameness in addition to monitoring response to treatment. It will benefit bear welfare by indirectly characterizing the level of pain a bear is experiencing due to lameness as well as serving to document trends in pain status.
