Syntopy between Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes and Potential Competitors in an Urban Environment
Endangered Species Recovery Program, California State University-Stanislaus, 1 University Circle, Turlock, CA 95382, USA
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Animals 2023, 13(20), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203210
Submission received: 4 September 2023
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Revised: 29 September 2023
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Accepted: 12 October 2023
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Published: 14 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)
Simple Summary
The endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica; SJKF) occurs in the city of Bakersfield, CA, along with other species such as domestic cats (Felis catus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and opossums (Didephis virginiana). We used data from camera stations deployed throughout the city during 2015–2022 to assess whether the other species compete with SJKF or coexist syntopically (i.e., occur in the same habitats without competing). Detections of the other species were not associated with those of SJKF, either in areas of high, medium, or low suitability for SJKF or for all areas combined. Also, the abundance of the other species did not increase when SJKF declined from a sarcoptic mange epidemic. The other species were detected at camera stations, with SJKF indicating that they used the same areas. Competition between the SJKF and the other species may be negligible, likely due to high resource abundance. Thus, SJKF and the other species appear to coexist syntopically in the urban environment. This additional SJKF population contributes to the conservation and recovery of this endangered species.
Abstract
The endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica; SJKF) occurs in the city of Bakersfield, CA, where several putative competitors also occur, including domestic cats (Felis catus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and opossums (Didephis virginiana). We used data from a multi-year (2015–2022) city-wide camera station survey to assess whether the other species were simply sympatric with SJKF or coexisting syntopically (i.e., occurring in the same habitats without apparent competition). Annual detection rates for the other species were not correlated with SJKF rates either within SJKF habitat suitability categories (low, medium, and high) or for all categories combined. Also, detection rates for the other species did not increase in response to a significant decline in SJKF abundance caused by sarcoptic mange. The use of all SJKF habitat suitability categories by the other species and co-detections with SJKF at camera stations indicate high spatial overlap. Interference and exploitative competition between the species are apparently negligible, likely due to similar body sizes and high resource abundance. Thus, SJKF and the other species appear to be coexisting syntopically in the urban environment, resulting in a significant additional SJKF population that facilitates range-wide conservation and recovery of this endangered species.
