Focusing on Social Behaviors: Improving the Perceived Warmth of Sharks in an Aquarium Setting
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Stereotyping Sharks
1.2. Increasing the Warmth Dimension
1.3. Humor as a Persuasion Tool
1.4. Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Design
2.2. Procedure and Instruments
2.3. Preliminary Analysis and Control Checking
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Stereotypes of Sharks
3.3. Effect on Shark’s Stereotype
3.4. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. The Social Lives of Sharks
4.2. The Naturalistic Setting
4.3. The Video Effect
4.4. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | Informational | Inform. with Humour | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | α | |
Competence | 5.99 * | 0.59 | 94 | 5.84 | 0.68 | 101 | 5.91 | 0.67 | 100 | 0.71 |
Warmth | 3.40 * | 0.97 | 94 | 3.79 | 1.17 | 101 | 3.64 | 1.13 | 100 | 0.88 |
Avoidance | 3.25 | 1.38 | 94 | 3.34 | 1.32 | 99 | 3.38 | 1.29 | 95 | 0.87 |
Approach | 4.51 | 1.30 | 94 | 4.70 | 1.11 | 99 | 4.53 | 1.08 | 96 | 0.88 |
Conservation | 6.23 | 0.95 | 94 | 6.25 | 0.99 | 99 | 6.22 | 0.99 | 95 | 0.78 |
Donation | 2.68 | 0.86 | 85 | 2.54 | 0.81 | 89 | 2.68 | 0.79 | 84 | |
Masculinity | 56.1 * | 13.9 | 92 | 56.2 * | 15.6 | 93 | 59.6 * | 17.7 | 88 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Competence | 1 | 0.260 * | 0.052 | 0.399 ** | 0.241 * | 0.058 |
2. Warmth | 1 | −0.146 | 0.273 ** | 0.091 | −0.045 | |
3. Avoidance | 1 | −0.213 * | −0.274 ** | 0.153 | ||
4. Approach | 1 | 0.428 ** | −0.241 * | |||
5. Conservation | 1 | −0.299 ** | ||||
6. Donation | 1 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Competence | 1 | 0.372 ** | 0.051 | 0.358 ** | 0.125 | −0.229 * |
2. Warmth | 1 | 0.039 | 0.359 ** | 0.133 | −0.327 ** | |
3. Avoidance | 1 | −0.224 * | 0.002 | 0.158 | ||
4. Approach | 1 | 0.288 ** | −0.347 ** | |||
5. Conservation | 1 | −0.238 * | ||||
6. Donation | 1 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Competence | 1 | 0.182 | −0.284 ** | 0.386 ** | 0.247 * | −0.216 * |
2. Warmth | 1 | −0.276 ** | 0.393 ** | 0.298 ** | −0.361 ** | |
3. Avoidance | 1 | −0.323 ** | −0.309 ** | 0.413 ** | ||
4. Approach | 1 | 0.377 ** | −0.425 ** | |||
5. Conservation | 1 | −0.265 * | ||||
6. Donation | 1 |
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Neves, J.; Giger, J.-C.; Alves, V.; Soares, N. Focusing on Social Behaviors: Improving the Perceived Warmth of Sharks in an Aquarium Setting. Animals 2023, 13, 2455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152455
Neves J, Giger J-C, Alves V, Soares N. Focusing on Social Behaviors: Improving the Perceived Warmth of Sharks in an Aquarium Setting. Animals. 2023; 13(15):2455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152455
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeves, Joao, Jean-Christophe Giger, Vasco Alves, and Nuno Soares. 2023. "Focusing on Social Behaviors: Improving the Perceived Warmth of Sharks in an Aquarium Setting" Animals 13, no. 15: 2455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152455
APA StyleNeves, J., Giger, J.-C., Alves, V., & Soares, N. (2023). Focusing on Social Behaviors: Improving the Perceived Warmth of Sharks in an Aquarium Setting. Animals, 13(15), 2455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152455