Dietary Use of Methionine Sources and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 Influences Growth Performance, Hepatopancreatic Histology, Digestion, Immunity, and Digestive Microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Reduced Fishmeal Diets
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Diet Preparation
2.2. Shrimp, Feeding Trial and Sample Collection
2.3. Growth Performance
- Final weight = (Σ Final individual weight)/Final number of shrimps.
- Weekly weight gain = (Final weight − Initial weight)/Number of weeks.
- Specific growth rate = 100 × (ln final weight − ln initial weight)/days of experiment.
- Survival rate = 100 × (Final number of shrimps/Initial number of shrimps).
- Final biomass = Final weight × Final number of shrimps.
- Feed intake = Feed Input (dry weight) − Feed collected (dry weight).
- Feed conversion rate = Feed intake/Final biomass.
2.4. Hepatopancreas Histology
2.5. Digestive Enzymes’ Activity
2.6. Transcriptional Response of Immune-Related Genes
2.7. DNA Extraction and Sequencing Analysis
2.8. Bioinformatic Analysis
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Hepatopancreatic Histology
3.3. Digestive Enzyme Activity
3.4. Transcriptional Response of Immune-Related Genes
3.5. Digestive Microbiota Analysis and Functional Prediction
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Performance
4.2. Hepatopancreatic Histology
4.3. Digestive Enzyme Analysis
4.4. Transcriptional Response of Immune-Related Genes
4.5. Digestive Microbiota Analysis and Functional Prediction
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (g/kg Dry Weight) | CD | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fishmeal 1 | 200.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Soybean meal 2 | 277.1 | 319.3 | 316.1 | 316.8 | 319.7 | 316.2 |
Poultry by-product meal 3 | 40.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 |
Wheat flour 4 | 426.9 | 434.5 | 438.1 | 436.2 | 433.1 | 437 |
Soy lecithin 5 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 |
Fish oil 6 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
Pellet binder 7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Antioxidants (Calcium propionate) 8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Minerals 9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Vitamins 10 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Mono-dicalcium phosphate 11 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
DL-Methionine 12 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
Met-Met 13 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
Biolys 77 14 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 |
L-Threonine 15 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
L-Tryptophan 16 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 17 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Total (g) | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 |
Nutritional composition (%) | ||||||
Dry matter | 90.4 | 90.4 | 90.4 | 90.4 | 90.4 | 90.4 |
Crude protein | 35.0 | 32.9 | 32.8 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 32.8 |
Crude lipid | 8.53 | 8.51 | 8.51 | 8.51 | 8.51 | 8.51 |
Ash | 5.16 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 |
Methionine | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Lysine | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
Phosphorus | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Gross energy (kcal/kg) | 4.54 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.50 |
Water stability | 0.95 ± 0.002 ab | 0.95 ± 0.006 ab | 0.94 ± 0.005 a | 0.95 ± 0.005 ab | 0.96 ± 0.003 b | 0.96 ± 0.003 b |
Gene | Forward/Reverse Sequence | Amplicon Length (bp) | Efficiency (%) | Correlation Coefficient (R2) | GenBank Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-actin | 5′-CCACGAGACCACCTACAAC-3′ 5′-AGCGAGGGCAGTGATTTC-3′ | 142 | 91 | 0.99 | AF300705 |
hemocyanin (Hc) | 5′-GTCTTAGTGGTTCTTGGGCTTGTC-3′ 5′-GGTCTCCGTCCTGAATGTCTCC-3′ | 124 | 98 | 0.98 | X82502 |
prophenoloxidase (proPO) | 5′-CGGTGACAAAGTTCCTCTTC-3′ 5′-GCAGGTCGCCGTAGTAAG-3′ | 122 | 99 | 0.99 | AY723296 |
lipopolysaccharide- and β-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) | 5′-CCATGTCCGGCGGTGGAA-3′ 5′-GTCATCGCCCTTCCAGTTG-3′ | 122 | 110 | 0.99 | EU102286 |
cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cytMnSOD) | 5′-TGTTGCACAAGCCATTGACGA-3′ 5′-CCAGCCAGAGCCTTTCACTCC-3′ | 94 | 90 | 0.98 | DQ005531 |
heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) | 5′-ATTGTCCGCAAGGCTATC-3′ 5′-ATCTCCAGACGCTTCCAT-3′ | 102 | 103 | 0.99 | FJ710169 |
Diets | Initial Weight (g) | Final Weight (g) | Weekly Weight Gain (g/week) | Specific Growth Rate (%/day) | Survival Rate (%) | Final Biomass (g) | Feed Intake (g) | Feed Conversion Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD | 0.28 ± 0.01 a | 5.00 ± 0.10 ab | 0.59 ± 0.01 ab | 5.17 ± 0.08 | 77.50 ± 5.95 | 77.64 ± 6.78 ab | 145.19 ± 11.06 ab | 1.87 ± 0.02 |
D1 | 0.31 ± 0.02 a | 4.60 ± 0.38 a | 0.54 ± 0.05 a | 4.81 ± 0.28 | 73.75 ± 6.57 | 67.95 ± 8.42 a | 131.08 ± 17.28 a | 1.94 ± 0.16 |
D2 | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 5.34 ± 0.26 ab | 0.63 ± 0.03 ab | 5.21 ± 0.11 | 86.25 ± 7.74 | 93.21 ± 12.10 ab | 160.06 ± 14.88 ab | 1.75 ± 0.09 |
D3 | 0.32 ± 0.02 a | 5.84 ± 0.25 b | 0.69 ± 0.03 b | 5.20 ± 0.18 | 95.00 ± 3.54 | 111.11 ± 7.02 b | 185.63 ± 7.15 ab | 1.68 ± 0.06 |
D4 | 0.28 ± 0.02 a | 5.28 ± 0.10 ab | 0.63 ± 0.01 ab | 5.27 ± 0.12 | 83.75 ± 6.57 | 88.26 ± 6.64 ab | 163.87 ± 12.81 ab | 1.86 ± 0.06 |
D5 | 0.32 ± 0.01 a | 5.98 ± 0.21 b | 0.71 ± 0.03 b | 5.22 ± 0.13 | 91.25 ± 3.75 | 108.94 ± 4.39 b | 190.83 ± 10.46 b | 1.75 ± 0.04 |
p-value | 0.3196 | 0.0063 | 0.0109 | 0.4152 | 0.1507 | 0.0069 | 0.0285 | 0.3419 |
Digestive Enzyme Activity [U/mg] | Dietary Treatment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | p Value | |
Hepatopancreas | |||||||
Amylase | 75.09 ± 3.16 a | 61.78 ± 1.87 a | 94.64 ± 9.12 a | 369.48 ± 4.73 b | 165.30 ± 70.30 a | 154.90 ± 28.38 a | 0.0010 |
Protease | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.42 ± 0.10 ab | 1.05 ± 0.21 b | 0.41 ± 0.22 ab | 0.33 ± 0.13 a | 0.0073 |
Lipase | 1.32 ± 0.12 a | 0.80 ± 0.10 a | 1.05 ± 0.07 a | 5.53 ± 0.38 b | 1.86 ± 0.67 a | 2.70 ± 1.00 a | 0.0003 |
Intestine | |||||||
Amylase | 249.49 ± 8.91 | 202.36 ± 36.41 | 279.44 ± 48.10 | 291.38 ± 83.74 | 385.98 ± 104.15 | 405.49 ± 9.7 | 0.2044 |
Protease | 16.80 ± 0.26 | 12.64 ± 3.14 | 18.18 ± 5.09 | 18.84 ± 2.06 | 22.62 ± 6.49 | 30.59 ± 2.1 | 0.0815 |
Lipase | 1.48 ± 0.11 | 1.11 ± 0.25 | 1.61 ± 0.28 | 1.86 ± 0.40 | 2.39 ± 0.9 | 2.28 ± 0.08 | 0.3943 |
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Casillas-Hernández, R.; Gonzalez-Galaviz, J.R.; Rodriguez-Anaya, L.Z.; Gil-Núñez, J.C.; Rodríguez-Jaramillo, M.d.C. Dietary Use of Methionine Sources and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 Influences Growth Performance, Hepatopancreatic Histology, Digestion, Immunity, and Digestive Microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Reduced Fishmeal Diets. Animals 2023, 13, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010043
Casillas-Hernández R, Gonzalez-Galaviz JR, Rodriguez-Anaya LZ, Gil-Núñez JC, Rodríguez-Jaramillo MdC. Dietary Use of Methionine Sources and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 Influences Growth Performance, Hepatopancreatic Histology, Digestion, Immunity, and Digestive Microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Reduced Fishmeal Diets. Animals. 2023; 13(1):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010043
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasillas-Hernández, Ramón, Jose Reyes Gonzalez-Galaviz, Libia Zulema Rodriguez-Anaya, Juan Carlos Gil-Núñez, and María del Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo. 2023. "Dietary Use of Methionine Sources and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 Influences Growth Performance, Hepatopancreatic Histology, Digestion, Immunity, and Digestive Microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Reduced Fishmeal Diets" Animals 13, no. 1: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010043