Epidemiological Study of Pathogenic Leptospira in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in a Suburb of Tokyo, Japan
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Leptospira Detection
2.4. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Anti-leptospiral Antibody Detection
2.5. Environmental Factors
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PCR | ELISA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Positive | % | Test | Positive | % | ||
Sex | Male | 92 | 18 | 19.6 | 91 | 11 | 12.1 |
Female | 64 | 18 | 28.1 | 74 | 5 | 6.8 | |
Age (months) | ≤4 | 44 | 17 | 38.6 | 46 | 0 | 0 |
5–11 | 36 | 4 | 11.1 | 24 | 3 | 12.5 | |
12–17 | 17 | 2 | 11.8 | 24 | 2 | 8.3 | |
18–23 | 17 | 8 | 47.1 | 22 | 1 | 4.5 | |
≥24 | 42 | 5 | 11.9 | 49 | 10 | 20.4 | |
Seasons | Spring | 25 | 1 | 4.0 | 41 | 6 | 14.6 |
Summer | 54 | 24 | 44.4 | 53 | 7 | 13.2 | |
Autumn | 61 | 11 | 18 | 53 | 3 | 5.7 | |
Winter | 16 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | |
Capture Area | A | 36 | 8 | 22.2 | 41 | 1 | 2.4 |
B | 32 | 8 | 25 | - | - | - | |
C | 19 | 5 | 26.3 | 22 | 2 | 9.1 | |
D | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 20 | |
E | 15 | 4 | 26.7 | 15 | 4 | 26.7 | |
F | 9 | 1 | 11.1 | 21 | 3 | 14.3 | |
G | 8 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 8.3 | |
H | 28 | 10 | 35.7 | 41 | 4 | 9.8 | |
I | - | - | - | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
J | - | - | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 156 | 36 | 23.1 | 165 | 16 | 9.7 |
Response Variable | Predictor Variable | OR | 95% Cl | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCR (n = 156) | Seasons | Spring (n = 25) | - | ||
Summer (n = 54) | 19.2 | 2.42–152.33 | 0.01 | ||
Autumn (n = 61) | 5.28 | 0.64–43.3 | 0.12 | ||
Winter (n = 16) | NA | NA | NA | ||
Temperature | 1.27 | 1.15–1.41 | <0.001 | ||
Rainfall | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | <0.001 | ||
Population density | 1.08 | 0.97–1.21 | 0.18 | ||
Urban area | 1.30 | 0.40–4.25 | 0.66 | ||
Water resource | 1.16 | 0.83–1.63 | 0.39 | ||
ELISA (n = 165) | Seasons | Spring (n = 41) | - | ||
Summer (n = 53) | 0.89 | 0.27–2.88 | 0.84 | ||
Autumn (n = 53) | 0.35 | 0.08–1.49 | 0.16 | ||
Winter (n = 18) | NA | NA | NA | ||
Temperature | 1.03 | 0.95–1.12 | 0.45 | ||
Rainfall | 1.0 | 0.99–1.006 | 0.92 | ||
Population density | 0.91 | 0.76–1.10 | 0.34 | ||
Urban area | 27.0 | 0.89–819.7 | 0.06 | ||
Water resource | 0.73 | 0.49–1.10 | 0.13 |
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Kiuno, K.; Kato, T.; Otsubo, H.; Kibe, R.; Kataoka, Y.; Hayama, S.-i. Epidemiological Study of Pathogenic Leptospira in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in a Suburb of Tokyo, Japan. Animals 2023, 13, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010021
Kiuno K, Kato T, Otsubo H, Kibe R, Kataoka Y, Hayama S-i. Epidemiological Study of Pathogenic Leptospira in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in a Suburb of Tokyo, Japan. Animals. 2023; 13(1):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010021
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiuno, Kazuki, Takuya Kato, Hiroko Otsubo, Ryoko Kibe, Yasushi Kataoka, and Shin-ichi Hayama. 2023. "Epidemiological Study of Pathogenic Leptospira in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in a Suburb of Tokyo, Japan" Animals 13, no. 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010021
APA StyleKiuno, K., Kato, T., Otsubo, H., Kibe, R., Kataoka, Y., & Hayama, S.-i. (2023). Epidemiological Study of Pathogenic Leptospira in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in a Suburb of Tokyo, Japan. Animals, 13(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010021