Behavioral Assessment of Six Reptile Species during a Temporary Zoo Closure and Reopening
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Housing
2.2. Behavioral Observations
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Catalina Island Rattlesnake
3.2. European Glass Lizard
3.3. Beaded Lizard
3.4. Sonoran Spiny-Tailed Iguana
3.5. Arrau Turtle
3.6. Dwarf Caiman
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Habitat | Activity Cycle | Diet | Stratum Use |
---|---|---|---|---|
Catalina Island Rattlesnake (Crotalus catalinensis) | Open [4] | Nocturnal [7] | Carnivore [4] | Terrestrial [4] |
European Glass Lizard (Pseudopus apodus) | Closed [8] | Diurnal [8] | Carnivore [8] | Terrestrial [8] (semi-fossorial) |
Beaded Lizard (Heloderma horridum) | Closed [9] | Diurnal [9] | Carnivore [9] | Terrestrial [9] (arboreal) |
Sonoran Spiny-tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura macrolopha) | Open [5] | Diurnal [30] | Omnivore [12] | Terrestrial [5] (arboreal) |
Arrau Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) | Closed [13] | Diurnal [31] | Omnivore [13] | Aquatic [13] |
Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) | Closed [6] | Nocturnal [32] | Carnivore [11] | Aquatic [6] |
Enclosure | Species | Inhabitants Sex | Ages at Start of Study | Area of Enclosure | Visual of the Enclosure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Catalina Island Rattlesnake | Male Female | 6 years 4 years | 2.3 m2 | |
B | European Glass Lizard | Male Female Female Female | 22 years 22 years 22 years 25 years | 2.2 m2 | |
C | Beaded Lizard | Male Female Unknown | 26 years 9 years 25 years | 4.6 m2 | |
Sonoran Spiny-tailed Iguana | Male | 10 years | |||
D | Arrau Turtle | Male Female | 39 years 39 years | 17.3 m2 | |
Dwarf Caiman | Male Female | 34 years 28 years |
Time Period | Enclosures | Condition of the Zoo | Approximate Number of Hours Observed | Total Number of Days Analyzed | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 April 2020 to 14 May 2020 | A, B, C | Closed | 9 h | A—18 B—18 C—18 | |
12 May 2020 to 5 June 2020 | D | Closed | 8 h | D—16 | An enclosure modification on 11 May 2020, caused a shift in the observational period. |
15 June 2020 to 9 July 2020 | All Enclosures | Open | 9 h | A—18 B—17 C—18 D—18 |
Behavior | Definition |
---|---|
Startle/Freeze * | Sudden cessation of movement accompanied by muscle tension while remaining frozen in place |
Interact with Transparent Boundaries (ITB) * | Repetitive movement directed along glass boundaries of the enclosure; must complete the same circuit at least three times to count as ITB |
Social * | Any interaction involving two or more animals |
Move | Whole-body movement that causes a change in location, either via walking, undulating, swimming, or other means |
Eat | Consumption of food or water |
Investigate | Movement of the head and neck region to touch or nearly touch features in the immediate surroundings; includes tongue-flicking for snakes and lizards |
Inactive | The individual is stationary |
Other | Any behavior not previously described that involves whole-body movement |
Not Visible | The individual or the individual’s behavior cannot be seen |
Exposure | Definition |
Hiding | More than half of the body is concealed from the observer under substrate or furnishings |
Exposed | Less than half of the body is concealed from the observer under substrate or furnishings |
Species | Behavior | Percent of Time | Statistic (S) | Z-Score | Pr > |S-Mean| | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mean ± SE) | Median (Range) | |||||||
Zoo Closed | Zoo Open | Zoo Closed | Zoo Open | |||||
Catalina Island Rattlesnake | Visibility | 99.61 ± 0.00 | 99.92 ± 0.08 | 100 (93.0–100) | 100 (97.0–100) | 1295.00 | −0.62 | 0.49 |
Social ** | 0.37 ± 0.25 | 2.41 ± 0.70 | 0.00 (0.00–3.33) | 1.67 (0.00–10.00) | 1050.00 | −3.68 | <0.01 | |
Investigate * | 0.09 ± 0.09 | 0.93 ± 0.19 | 0.00 (0.00–3.33) | 0.00 (0.00–10.00) | 1187.50 | −2.48 | 0.03 | |
Inactive ** | 99.17 ± 0.46 | 95.36 ± 1.12 | 100 (90.00–100) | 96.70 (63.3–100) | 1640.00 | 4.20 | <0.01 | |
Exposed | 38.70 ± 22.78 | 40.09 ± 11.94 | 10.00 (0.00–100) | 50.00 (0–100) | 1287.50 | −0.30 | 0.77 | |
European Glass Lizard | Visibility ** | 81.81 ± 3.49 | 57.91 ± 4.03 | 85.00 (62.5–100) | 51.72 (28.33–90.83) | 199.50 | −3.52 | <0.01 |
Social | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 306.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
Investigate | 1.67 ± 0.40 | 2.88 ± 1.40 | 1.09 (0–0.06) | 0.00 (0–23.53) | 284.00 | −0.75 | 0.46 | |
Inactive | 92.73 ± 3.47 | 89.23 ± 1.24 | 94.67 (81.9–100) | 94.29 (52.94–100) | 309.00 | 0.10 | 0.93 | |
Exposed ** | 34.40 ± 3.57 | 13.09 ± 2.67 | 37.50 (9.17–57.50) | 12.71 (0–42.98) | 194.00 | −3.70 | <0.01 | |
Beaded Lizard | Visibility | 98.77 ± 1.23 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 100 (50.00–100) | 100 (100) | 2889.00 | −1.42 | 0.49 |
Social * | 0.50 ± 0.25 | 2.72 ± 1.09 | 0.00 (0.00–6.90) | 0.00 (0.00–33.33) | 2700.50 | −2.35 | 0.02 | |
Investigate | 3.47 ± 0.61 | 5.15 ± 3.33 | 0.00 (0.00–46.67) | 0.00 (0.00–48.28) | 2833.50 | −0.80 | 0.43 | |
Inactive | 93.74 ± 0.50 | 88.97 ± 4.20 | 100 (50.00–100) | 100 (34.48–100) | 3116.00 | 1.20 | 0.23 | |
Exposed | 87.84 ± 6.12 | 98.39 ± 0.50 | 100 (0.00–100) | 100 (83.33–100) | 2945.50 | 0.02 | 0.99 | |
Sonoran Spiny-tailed Iguana | Visibility | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 100 (100) | 100 (100) | 333.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Social | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 333.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
Investigate | 0.19 ± 0.19 | 0.94 ± 0.46 | 0.00 (0.00–3.44) | 0.00 (0.00–6.90) | 307.00 | −1.37 | 0.28 | |
Inactive | 97.38 ± 1.15 | 96.62 ± 1.31 | 100 (82.76–100) | 100 (82.76–100) | 338.00 | 0.19 | 0.85 | |
Exposed ** | 99.81 ± 0.19 | 95.35 ± 2.72 | 100 (96.67–100) | 98.33 (50.00–100) | 407.00 | 2.98 | <0.01 | |
Arrau Turtle | Visibility | 99.69 ± 0.10 | 99.72 ± 0.09 | 100 (96.67–100) | 100 (96.67–100) | 1098.00 | −0.15 | 1.00 |
Social | 1.05 ± 0.003 | 1.95 ± 0.09 | 0.00 (0.00–3.45) | 0.00 (0.00–6.67) | 993.50 | −1.57 | 0.12 | |
Investigate | 7.21 ± 3.04 | 9.91 ± 3.42 | 3.33 (0.00–30.00) | 6.67 (0.00–43.33) | 1056.50 | −0.59 | 0.56 | |
Inactive ** | 5.97 ± 3.70 | 39.89 ± 1.60 | 3.33 (0.00–20.00 | 40.00 (0.00–100) | 660.00 | −5.48 | <0.01 | |
Exposed | 99.79 ± 0.00 | 99.54 ± 0.09 | 100 (96.67–100) | 100 (96.67–100) | 1148.00 | 1.03 | 0.43 | |
Dwarf Caiman | Visibility | 99.79 ± 0.00 | 99.81 ± 0.19 | 100 (96.67–100) | 100 (96.67–100) | 1085.00 | −0.09 | 1.00 |
Social | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.09 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–3.33) | 1072.00 | −0.96 | 1.00 | |
Investigate | 0.21 ± 0.004 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.00 (0.00–3.45) | 0.00 (0.00–3.33) | 1107.50 | 0.68 | 0.48 | |
Inactive ** | 98.12 ± 0.83 | 99.81 ± 0.01 | 100 (86.67–100) | 100 (96.67–100) | 940.00 | −2.78 | <0.01 | |
Exposed | 99.27 ± 0.31 | 96.59 ± 2.67 | 100 (83.33–100) | 100 (0.00–100) | 1116.00 | 0.62 | 0.60 |
Enclosure | Daily Observation Rate of Visitor-Glass Interaction during Zoo Open | Species | Visibility | Exposed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SE | Median & Range | ||||
A | 7.51 ± 1.15 | 7.50 (0.00–16.00) | Catalina Island Rattlesnake | r = 0.07 p = 0.57 n = 72 | r = −0.03 p = 0.83 n = 72 |
B | 6.02 ± 0.91 | 6.00 (0.00–12.10) | European Glass Lizard | r = 0.46 p = <0.01 ** n = 35 | r = −0.55 p = <0.01 ** n = 35 |
C | 7.56 ± 1.08 | 6.50 (0.00–17.00) | Beaded Lizard | r = 0.12 p = 0.23 n = 108 | N/A |
Sonoran Spiny-tailed Iguana | N/A | N/A | |||
D | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | Arrau Turtle | N/A | N/A |
Dwarf Caiman | N/A | N/A |
Species | Shannon-Wiener Index | Statistic (S) | Z-Score | Pr > |S-Mean| | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SE | Median (Range) | ||||||
Zoo Closed | Zoo Open | Zoo Closed | Zoo Open | ||||
Catalina Island Rattlesnake ** | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.00 (0.00–0.13) | 0.13 (0.08–0.29) | 43.00 | −2.67 | <0.01 |
European Glass Lizard | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.22 (0.21–0.28) | 0.27 (0.13–0.34) | 18.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Beaded Lizard | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.19 (0.00–0.37) | 0.31 (0.00–0.59) | 134.00 | −0.83 | 0.37 |
Sonoran Spiny-tailed Iguana | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.09 (0.03–0.23) | 0.11 (0.07–0.22) | 16.00 | −0.58 | 0.69 |
Arrau Turtle ** | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.44 (0.12–0.58) | 0.67 (0.50–0.96) | 39.00 | −3.05 | <0.01 |
Dwarf Caiman ** | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.07 (0.00–0.15) | 0.00 (0.00–0.04) | 90.00 | 2.47 | 0.01 |
Species | Dickens’ Spread of Participation Index | Statistic (S) | Z-Score | Pr > |S-Mean| | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SE | Median (Range) | ||||||
Zoo Closed | Zoo Open | Zoo Closed | Zoo Open | ||||
Catalina Island Rattlesnake | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.01 | 0.92 (0.82–1.00) | 0.83 (0.69–0.92) | 83.00 | 1.58 | 0.12 |
European Glass Lizard * | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.80 ± 0.06 | 0.56 (0.48–0.60) | 0.77 (0.69–0.98) | 10.00 | −2.31 | 0.03 |
Beaded Lizard | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.88 (0.79–0.94) | 0.93 (0.78–0.97) | 121.00 | −1.68 | 0.10 |
Sonoran Spiny-tailed Iguana | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 0.87 (0.79–0.89) | 0.80 (0.73–0.86) | 23.00 | 1.44 | 0.20 |
Arrau Turtle ** | 0.58 ± 0.005 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.58 (0.57–0.60) | 0.63 (0.60–0.69) | 39.00 | −3.05 | <0.01 |
Dwarf Caiman | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 0.78 (0.67–0.97) | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) | 53.00 | −1.58 | 0.12 |
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Hamilton, J.; Gartland, K.N.; Jones, M.; Fuller, G. Behavioral Assessment of Six Reptile Species during a Temporary Zoo Closure and Reopening. Animals 2022, 12, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12081034
Hamilton J, Gartland KN, Jones M, Fuller G. Behavioral Assessment of Six Reptile Species during a Temporary Zoo Closure and Reopening. Animals. 2022; 12(8):1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12081034
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamilton, Jennifer, Kylen N. Gartland, Megan Jones, and Grace Fuller. 2022. "Behavioral Assessment of Six Reptile Species during a Temporary Zoo Closure and Reopening" Animals 12, no. 8: 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12081034