Biochemical Properties of Black and Green Teas and Their Insoluble Residues as Natural Dietary Additives to Optimize In Vitro Rumen Degradability and Fermentation but Reduce Methane in Sheep
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples of Tea Leaves, Dietary Ingredients, and Diet Preparation
2.2. Rumen Liquor Collection and Buffered Inoculum Preparation
2.3. In Vitro Method and Sampling
2.4. VFA, NH3, CH4, and CO2 Analyses
2.5. Proximate, Detergent Fibre, and Secondary Metabolite Analyses
2.6. Mineral, Alkaloid and Polyphenol Analyses
2.7. Calculation and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Properties
3.2. In Vitro Experiments
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tea Leaf Products | RH or RS | CON |
---|---|---|
BTL or GTL | ||
0 | 300 | 700 |
50 | 250 | 700 |
100 | 200 | 700 |
STL | ||
0 | 300 | 700 |
100 | 200 | 700 |
200 | 100 | 700 |
Ingredients | DM | OM | Ash | CP | EE | ME | NDFom | ADFom | ADLom | TP | TT | TS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BTL | 942 a | 939 c | 61.4 d | 242 b | 12.6 de | 6.40 c | 323 f | 309 ef | 27.4 d | 151 b | 133 b | 86.1 b |
GTL | 937 a | 938 c | 61.8 d | 240 b | 20.8 b | 7.08 bc | 254 g | 211 g | 37.6 d | 231 a | 204 a | 276 a |
SBTL | 126 f | 961 a | 38.7 f | 234 b | 13.5 cd | 6.59 c | 474 d | 410 d | 44.5 d | 90.9 c | 79.1 c | 34.0 c |
SGTL | 134 f | 957 b | 43.3 e | 246 a | 23.1 b | 7.39 b | 405 e | 294 f | 40.3 d | 110 b | 99.9 b | 55.6 b |
CSBTL | 205 d | 959 a | 41.3 f | 253 a | 12.6 de | 6.87 bc | 576 c | 449 c | 48.8 d | 34.4 de | 31.7 d | 12.4 d |
CSGTL | 170 e | 955 b | 44.9 e | 261 a | 17.8 bc | 7.49 b | 560 c | 334 e | 42.7 d | 44.7 d | 39.8 d | 26.8 cd |
RH | 840 c | 908 e | 92.4 b | 200 c | 20.2 b | 6.79 bc | 649 b | 507 b | 435 b | 9.89 ef | 2.19 e | 16.9 cd |
RS | 944 a | 818 e | 182 a | 60.4 e | 9.9 e | 4.01 d | 787 a | 684 a | 598 a | 6.12 f | 1.08 e | 24.3 cd |
CON | 864 b | 921 d | 78.9 c | 176 d | 56.6 a | 10.1 a | 271 g | 144 h | 134 c | 3.95 f | 1.61 e | 32.2 cd |
SEM | 2.37 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.56 *** | 1.77 *** | 0.80 *** | 0.15 *** | 5.35 *** | 5.32 *** | 4.99 *** | 5.74 *** | 4.28 *** | 5.06 *** |
Compounds(mg/kg DM) | BTL | GTL | SBTL | SGTL | CSBTL | CSGTL | SEM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | 6441 c | 6699 c | 8281 b | 8881 b | 10,374 a | 10,753 a | 171 *** |
K | 7808 a | 8095 a | 2521 b | 2542 b | 632 c | 906 c | 186 *** |
P | 2413 ab | 2521 a | 1904 d | 2213 bc | 2013 cd | 2183 bcd | 61.8 *** |
Mg | 1726 bc | 1993 a | 1641 bc | 1848 ab | 1726 c | 1864 bc | 44.7 *** |
Mn | 527 c | 663 b | 536 c | 747 a | 536 c | 804 a | 13.6 *** |
Fe | 116 d | 119 d | 169 bc | 143 c | 182 d | 346 ba | 6.68 *** |
Na | 150 c | 78.2 d | 180.1 c | 94.6 d | 1789 a | 1303 b | 8.11 *** |
Cu | 23.8 a | 16.9 b | 24.0 a | 16.6 b | 26.9 a | 23.8 a | 1.16 *** |
Zn | 21.7 ab | 21.2 ab | 22.4 ab | 19.5 b | 23.7 a | 20.4 b | 0.63 ** |
Ni | 1.69 a | 1.58 a | 1.17 b | 0.49 c | 0.69 c | 0.40 c | 0.08 *** |
Cr | 1.22 b | 1.32 b | 1.45 b | 1.08 b | 1.24 b | 2.37 a | 0.14 *** |
Pb | 0.59 b | 0.51 b | 0.73 b | 0.39 b | 0.65 b | 1.48 a | 0.14 ** |
Cd | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.01 NS |
Compounds (g/kg DM) | BTL | GTL | SBTL | SGTL | CSBTL | CSGTL | SEM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theobromine | 1.37 b | 2.58 a | 0.40 d | 0.76 c | 0.03 e | 0.11 e | 0.02 *** |
Caffeine | 27.4 b | 28.9 a | 9.47 c | 9.89 c | 0.93 d | 0.91 d | 0.16 *** |
Total alkaloids | 28.8 b | 31.5 a | 9.87 d | 10.7 c | 0.96 e | 1.02 e | 0.16 *** |
Gallocatechin | n.d. | 4.93 a | n.d. | 1.61 b | n.d. | 0.81 c | 0.07 *** |
Epigallocatechin | 3.51 c | 22.4 a | 0.80 d | 9.02 b | 0.07 e | 3.22 c | 0.14 *** |
Catechin | 0.40 b | 1.30 a | 0.14 c | 0.40 b | 0.03 c | 0.14 d | 0.01 *** |
Epicatechin | 0.28 c | 2.13 a | 0.03 d | 1.37 b | 0.08 d | 0.25 c | 0.02 *** |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 4.45 d | 94.6 a | 2.30 e | 51.8 b | 3.69 de | 10.7 c | 0.41 *** |
Gallocatechin gallate | 0.60 c | 1.15 a | 0.16 d | 0.85 b | 0.16 d | 0.75 b | 0.03 *** |
Epicatechin gallate | 5.41 c | 25.5 a | 2.30 e | 14.4 b | 1.90 e | 4.23 d | 0.15 *** |
Catechin gallate | 1.33 c | 3.10 a | 0.51 e | 1.97 b | 0.39 e | 0.68 d | 0.03 *** |
Total catechins | 16.0 d | 155 a | 6.24 e | 73.3 b | 6.32 e | 20.8 c | 0.68 *** |
Theaflavin | 2.33 a | 0.28 c | 1.44 b | 0.18 d | 0.33 c | 0.07 e | 0.01 *** |
Theaflavin-3-gallate | 4.57 a | 0.22 d | 3.27 b | 0.13 de | 0.77 c | 0.03 e | 0.03 *** |
Theaflavin-3′-gallate | 2.8 a | 0.35 d | 2.08 b | 0.22 e | 0.49 c | 0.09 f | 0.02 *** |
Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate | 6.98 a | 0.38 d | 5.78 b | 0.24 de | 1.19 c | 0.08 e | 0.05 *** |
Total theaflavins | 16.7 a | 1.23 d | 12.6 b | 0.77 d | 2.77 c | 0.28 e | 0.11 *** |
Rutin | 2.03 b | 2.11 a | 0.80 d | 1.13 c | n.d. | n.d. | 0.02 *** |
Measurement | Levels (g/kg DM) n = 16 | Tea Types n = 24 | Diet Types n = 24 | SEM and Significances | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 100 | Black | Green | RH | RS | L | T | D | L*T | L*D | T*D | L*D*T | |
IVOMD (g/kg OM) | 726 | 715 | 708 | 706 | 727 | 753 | 681 | 7.39 NS | 5.74 * | 5.89 *** | 10.5 NS | 11.2 NS | 8.33 NS | 15.8 NS |
NH3 (mg/L) | 152 a | 141 b | 126 c | 144 | 135 | 134 | 145 | 1.51 *** | 1.24 *** | 1.24 *** | 2.09 *** | 2.25 NS | 1.80 NS | 3.41 NS |
pH | 6.69 a | 6.67 b | 6.67 b | 6.68 | 6.67 | 6.65 | 6.70 | 0.002 *** | 0.002 *** | 0.002 *** | 0.003 ** | 0.003 NS | 0.003 NS | 0.005 NS |
tVFA (mmol/L) | 48.6 | 48.5 | 50.2 | 48.4 | 49.8 | 48.6 | 49.6 | 1.47 NS | 1.18 NS | 1.18 NS | 2.16 NS | 2.16 NS | 1.73 NS | 3.26 NS |
A:P ratio | 2.70 b | 2.78 ab | 2.83 b | 2.74 | 2.81 | 2.77 | 2.78 | 0.03 ** | 0.02* | 0.02 NS | 0.04 NS | 0.04 NS | 0.03 NS | 0.05 NS |
Acetate | 28.2 | 28.3 | 29.8 | 28.2 | 29.4 | 28.4 | 29.2 | 1.04 NS | 0.84 NS | 0.84 NS | 1.52 NS | 1.52 NS | 1.21 NS | 2.30 NS |
Propionate | 10.4 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 0.31 NS | 0.25 NS | 0.25 NS | 0.45 NS | 0.45 NS | 0.36 NS | 0.68 NS |
iso-Butyrate | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.03 NS |
n-Butyrate | 6.70 | 6.71 | 6.77 | 6.69 | 6.76 | 6.74 | 6.71 | 0.11 NS | 0.09 NS | 0.09 NS | 0.16 NS | 0.16 NS | 0.13 NS | 0.24 NS |
iso-Valerate | 1.42 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 0.02 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.03 NS | 0.03 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.04 NS |
Valerate | 1.04 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.03 NS |
tGP (L/kg OM) | 243 | 244 | 243 | 241 | 246 | 251 | 236 | 1.40 NS | 1.17 ** | 1.17 *** | 2.14 NS | 2.14 NS | 1.70 NS | 3.23 NS |
CH4 (% total gas) | 14.1 a | 13.3 b | 13.1 b | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 0.18 ** | 0.15 NS | 0.15 NS | 0.26 NS | 0.26 NS | 0.21 NS | 0.40 NS |
CH4 (L/kg OM) | 34.3 a | 32.3 b | 31.7 b | 32.6 | 33.0 | 33.4 | 32.1 | 0.45 ** | 0.37 NS | 0.37* | 0.67 NS | 0.67 NS | 0.54 NS | 1.02 NS |
CO2 (% total gas) | 67.5 | 66.6 | 67.4 | 67.0 | 67.4 | 67.6 | 66.7 | 1.87 NS | 1.49 NS | 1.52 NS | 2.64 NS | 2.82 * | 2.21 NS | 3.99 NS |
CO2 (L/kg OM) | 165 | 162 | 164 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 158 | 4.80 NS | 3.82 NS | 3.92* | 6.79 NS | 6.79 NS | 5.67 NS | 10.3 NS |
Measurement | Levels (g/kg DM) (n = 32) | STL Types (n = 48) | Diet Types (n = 48) | SEM and Significance | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 100 | 200 | Black | Green | RH | RS | L | S | D | L*S | L*D | S*D | L*S*D | |
IVOMD (g/kg OM) | 797 | 799 | 798 | 794 | 803 | 821 | 775 | 6.40 NS | 4.18 NS | 4.26 *** | 9.04 NS | 6.13 NS | 6.03 NS | 13.7 NS |
NH3 (mg/L) | 154 | 154 | 153 | 154 | 153 | 152 | 155 | 1.05 NS | 0.72 NS | 0.72 *** | 1.49 NS | 1.49* | 1.04 NS | 2.11 NS |
pH | 6.72 | 6.70 | 6.69 | 6.71 | 6.70 | 6.67 | 6.74 | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.01 *** | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.02 NS |
tVFA (mmol/L) | 40.7 | 40.0 | 38.8 | 40.4 | 39.9 | 42.7 | 37.6 | 0.95 NS | 0.63 NS | 0.63 *** | 1.34 NS | 1.34 NS | 0.89 NS | 1.89 NS |
A:P ratio | 1.75 c | 1.83 a | 1.81 b | 1.79 | 1.81 | 1.84 | 1.76 | 0.005 *** | 0.005 ** | 0.005 *** | 0.010 * | 0.010 *** | 0.006 NS | 0.014 NS |
Acetate | 22.2 a | 21.7 ab | 21.3 b | 22.1 | 22.0 | 23.6 | 20.5 | 0.51 * | 0.34 NS | 0.34 *** | 0.73 NS | 0.73 NS | 0.49 NS | 1.03 NS |
Propionate | 12.7 a | 12.4 ab | 11.8 b | 12.4 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 0.29 * | 0.19 NS | 0.19 *** | 0.40 NS | 0.40 NS | 0.27 NS | 0.57 NS |
iso-Butyrate | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.02 NS | 0.01 NS | 0.01 *** | 0.02 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.03 NS |
n-Butyrate | 3.44 | 3.53 | 3.35 | 3.48 | 3.40 | 3.66 | 3.23 | 0.09 NS | 0.06 NS | 0.06 *** | 0.12 NS | 0.12 NS | 0.08 NS | 0.18 NS |
iso-Valerate | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.02 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.02 ** | 0.03 NS | 0.03 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.05 NS |
Valerate | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 1.28 | 0.98 | 0.03 NS | 0.02 NS | 0.02 ** | 0.04 NS | 0.04 NS | 0.03 NS | 0.06 NS |
tGP (L/kg OM) | 175 | 179 | 177 | 175 | 179 | 193 | 161 | 1.55 NS | 1.04 ** | 1.05 *** | 2.19 NS | 2.19 *** | 1.49 NS | 3.10 NS |
CH4 (% total gas) | 13.8 a | 13.3 b | 13.4 b | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 13.7 | 0.12 ** | 0.08 NS | 0.08 ** | 0.16 NS | 0.16 NS | 0.11 NS | 0.23 NS |
CH4 (L/kg OM) | 24.2 | 23.8 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 24.1 | 25.7 | 22.0 | 0.29 NS | 0.20 NS | 0.20 ** | 0.41 NS | 0.41 ** | 0.28 NS | 0.58 NS |
CO2 (% total gas) | 68.7 | 67.1 | 65.8 | 66.7 | 67.7 | 70.1 | 64.3 | 1.22 NS | 0.83 NS | 0.83 *** | 1.72 NS | 1.72 NS | 1.17 NS | 2.44 NS |
CO2 (L/kg OM) | 121 | 121 | 117 | 117 | 122 | 135 | 104 | 2.46 NS | 1.68 * | 1.68 *** | 3.48 NS | 3.48 ** | 2.40 NS | 4.92NS |
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Ramdani, D.; Jayanegara, A.; Chaudhry, A.S. Biochemical Properties of Black and Green Teas and Their Insoluble Residues as Natural Dietary Additives to Optimize In Vitro Rumen Degradability and Fermentation but Reduce Methane in Sheep. Animals 2022, 12, 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030305
Ramdani D, Jayanegara A, Chaudhry AS. Biochemical Properties of Black and Green Teas and Their Insoluble Residues as Natural Dietary Additives to Optimize In Vitro Rumen Degradability and Fermentation but Reduce Methane in Sheep. Animals. 2022; 12(3):305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030305
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamdani, Diky, Anuraga Jayanegara, and Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry. 2022. "Biochemical Properties of Black and Green Teas and Their Insoluble Residues as Natural Dietary Additives to Optimize In Vitro Rumen Degradability and Fermentation but Reduce Methane in Sheep" Animals 12, no. 3: 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030305