Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota—A Mutual Relationship
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Structure and Function of the Intestinal Epithelium
3. Epithelial Cells—Their Involvement in the Formation of the GI Tract Protective Barrier
3.1. Mucus Barrier Formation
3.2. Role of Goblet Cells
3.3. Role of Enterocytes
4. Intercellular Junctions—A Protective Barrier
5. Paneth Cells—Stem Cell Curators and Microbiota Controllers
6. Cross-Talk between Microbiota and Epithelial Cells, a Step Required for the Maintenance of the Intestinal Barrier
6.1. Sensing and Recognition of Microorganisms
6.2. Factors Influencing the Colonization of the GI Tract with Microbiota
6.3. Mutual Dependency of IECs and Intestinal Microbiota
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
A/E | attaching and effacing |
AGR2 | anterior gradient 2 |
AIM | absence in melanoma |
AJs | adherens junctions |
ALRs | absence in melanoma-like receptors |
AMP | adenosinmonophosphate |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
AMPs | antimicrobial peptides |
APCs | antigen-presenting cells |
CaMKK2 | calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 |
CAZymes | carbohydrate-active enzymes |
CD | Crohn’s disease |
ClCa1 | calcium-activated chloride channel 1 |
CLR | C-type lectin receptors |
Convr | conventionally raised |
CR2 | cryptdin-2 |
CRS | cryptdin related sequence |
DAMPs | damage-associated molecular patterns |
DCs | dendritic cells |
Dll | Delta-like |
DSCs | desmocollin types |
DSGs | desmoglein types |
DSS | dextran-sulfate sodium |
EGF | epidermal growth factor |
EHEC | enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli |
Emc3 | endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex subunit 3 |
EPEC | enteropathogenic Escherichia coli |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
FAE | follicle-associated epithelium |
Fc | crystallizable fragment |
FCGBP | Fc-globulin binding protein |
GALT | gut-associated lymphoid tissue |
GAPs | goblet cells-associated antigen passages |
GCs | goblet cells |
GF | germ-free |
GI | gastrointestinal |
GP2 | Glycoprotein 2 |
GVHD | graft-versus-host disease |
HD5 | human α-defensin5 |
IBD | inflammatory bowel diseases |
IBDU | inflammatory bowel diseases-unclassified |
icGCs | intercrypt goblet cells |
IECs | intestinal epithelial cells |
ISCs | intestinal stem cells |
JAMs | junctional adhesion molecules |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
Lgr5+ | leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
Lypd8 | Ly6/Plaur domain-containing 8 |
M | microfold |
MAMPs | microbial-associated molecular patterns |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MMP | metalloproteinase |
MUC | mucin |
MyD88 | myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88 |
NEC | necrotizing enterocolitis |
NLRs | nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors |
NOD | nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain |
pIgR | polymeric immunoglobulin receptor |
PKC | protein kinase C |
PRRs | pattern recognition receptors |
RegIII | regenerating islet-derived protein 3 |
RELMβ | resistin-like molecule β |
RIG-I | retinoic acid-inducible gene I |
RLRs | retinoic acid-inducible gene I-receptors |
SCFAs | short-chain fatty acids |
SED | subepithelial dome |
senGCs | sentinel goblet cells |
sIgA | secretory immunoglobulin A |
sPLA2 | secretory phospholipase A2 |
T3SS | type III secretion system |
Tff3 | trefoil factor family peptide 3 |
Tir | translocated intimin receptor |
TIR | Toll/interleukin-1 receptor |
TJs | tight junctions |
TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
TRIF | Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain–containing adapter-inducing interferon beta |
UC | ulcerative colitis |
ZG16 | zymogen granule membrane protein 16 |
ZO | zonula occludens |
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Gieryńska, M.; Szulc-Dąbrowska, L.; Struzik, J.; Mielcarska, M.B.; Gregorczyk-Zboroch, K.P. Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota—A Mutual Relationship. Animals 2022, 12, 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020145
Gieryńska M, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Struzik J, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP. Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota—A Mutual Relationship. Animals. 2022; 12(2):145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020145
Chicago/Turabian StyleGieryńska, Małgorzata, Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska, Justyna Struzik, Matylda Barbara Mielcarska, and Karolina Paulina Gregorczyk-Zboroch. 2022. "Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota—A Mutual Relationship" Animals 12, no. 2: 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020145
APA StyleGieryńska, M., Szulc-Dąbrowska, L., Struzik, J., Mielcarska, M. B., & Gregorczyk-Zboroch, K. P. (2022). Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota—A Mutual Relationship. Animals, 12(2), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020145