A High Prevalence of Cardiopulmonary Worms Detected in the Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus): A Threat for Wild and Domestic Canids
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample and Data Collection
2.3. Cardiorespiratory Parasites
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nematode Parasite Species and Prevalence
3.2. Epidemiological Data Recorded in Wolves with Nematode Worms
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species Identified | No. Positive Wolves (%) | No. Total Worms | Female Worms | Male Worms | Mean (SD) | No. Worms per Wolf (min.–max.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. vasorum | 11 (19.2) | 374 * | 265 | 71 | 34 (35.1) | 1–99 |
C. vulpis | 4 (7) | 8 | 7 | 1 | 2 (0.8) | 1–3 |
E. aerophilus | 2 (3.5) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1.5 (0.7) | 1–2 |
A. vasorum single infection | 8 (14) | 348 * | 245 | 65 | 43.5 (36.7) | 7–99 |
C. vulpis single infection | 3 (5.3) | 6 | 5 | 1 | 2 (1.0) | 1–3 |
A. vasorum + C. vulpis | 1 (1.7) | 18 | 13 | 5 | 18 (0.0) | 18 |
A. vasorum + E. aerophilus | 2 (3.5) | 13 | 12 | 1 | 6.5 (6.4) | 2–11 |
Category | Total No. Wolves | Angiostrongylus vasorum | Crenosoma vulpis | Eucoleus aerophilus | Total No. of Worms | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. Positive Wolves | % | p-Value | No. Positive Wolves | % | p-Value | No. Positive Wolves | % | p-Value | No. Positive Wolves | % | p-Value | |||
Province | A Coruna | 15 | 3 | 20 | 0.959 | 2 | 13.3 | 0.265 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 4 | 26.7 | 1 |
Lugo | 21 | 5 | 23.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 4.8 | 5 | 23.8 | |||||
Ourense | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | 2 | 13.3 | 1 | 6.7 | 4 | 26.7 | |||||
Pontevedra | 6 | 1 | 16.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16.7 | |||||
Sex | Male | 29 | 5 | 17.2 | 0.747 | 2 | 6.9 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.236 | 7 | 24.1 | 1 |
Female | 28 | 6 | 21.4 | 2 | 7.1 | 2 | 7.1 | 7 | 25.0 | |||||
Body condition (1–5) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.221 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.444 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.174 |
2 | 10 | 4 | 40.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 50.0 | |||||
3 | 20 | 5 | 25.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 6 | 30.0 | |||||
4 | 23 | 2 | 8.7 | 1 | 4.3 | 1 | 4.3 | 3 | 13.0 | |||||
5 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
Age | Pup | 14 | 3 | 21.4 | 1 | 4 | 28.6 | 0.002 | 1 | 7.1 | 0.714 | 6 | 42.9 | 0.243 |
Young | 24 | 5 | 20.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 4.1 | 5 | 28.8 | |||||
Adult | 19 | 3 | 15.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 15.8 |
Wolf Pup (n = 14) | Young (n = 24) | Adults (n = 19) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Parasites | No. | % | p-Value | No. | % | p-Value | No. | % | p-Value |
0 | 8 | 57.1 | 0.083 | 19 | 79.2 | 0.757 | 16 | 84.2 | 0.343 |
1–29 | 6 | 42.9 | 0.004 | 2 | 8.3 | 0.277 | 1 | 5.26 | 0.246 |
30-60 | 0 | 0 | 0.567 | 2 | 8.3 | 0.566 | 1 | 5.26 | 1.000 |
>60 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 1 | 4.2 | 1.000 | 1 | 5.26 | 1.000 |
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Estévez-Sánchez, E.; Checa, R.; Montoya, A.; Barrera, J.P.; López-Beceiro, A.M.; Fidalgo, L.E.; Miró, G. A High Prevalence of Cardiopulmonary Worms Detected in the Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus): A Threat for Wild and Domestic Canids. Animals 2022, 12, 2289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172289
Estévez-Sánchez E, Checa R, Montoya A, Barrera JP, López-Beceiro AM, Fidalgo LE, Miró G. A High Prevalence of Cardiopulmonary Worms Detected in the Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus): A Threat for Wild and Domestic Canids. Animals. 2022; 12(17):2289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172289
Chicago/Turabian StyleEstévez-Sánchez, Efrén, Rocío Checa, Ana Montoya, Juan Pedro Barrera, Ana María López-Beceiro, Luis Eusebio Fidalgo, and Guadalupe Miró. 2022. "A High Prevalence of Cardiopulmonary Worms Detected in the Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus): A Threat for Wild and Domestic Canids" Animals 12, no. 17: 2289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172289