Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Blood Serum, Urine, and Milk of Dairy Cows
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals, Feed, and Design
2.2. Samples
2.3. Determination of Mycotoxin Concentrations in Feed by HPLC
2.4. Determination of Alpha-Zearalenole, Alpha-Zearalanole, Beta-Zearalanole, Beta-Zearalenole, and Zearalanone Concentrations in Blood-Serum and Urine Samples by GC-MS EI
2.5. Determination of Zearalenone in Milk by ELISA
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Concentrations of Zearalenone Metabolites in Blood-Serum and Urine Samples from Dairy Cows
3.2. Zearalenone Concentrations in Dairy Cows’ Milk Samples
3.3. Correlation between ZEN Metabolites in Blood-Serum and Urine Samples and Zearalenone in Feed and Milk
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Zearalenone Metabolites | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-ZEL | α-ZAL | β-ZEL | β-ZAL | ZAN | |
Stationary-phase layer (μm) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Injection, in splitless regime (μL) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Temperature of automatic sample-entry system (°C) | 260 | 260 | 260 | 260 | 260 |
Temperature of MS ion source/temperature of MS quadrupole (°C) | 230/150 | 230/150 | 230/150 | 230/150 | 230/150 |
Line velocity of stream speed (cm/s) | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 |
Limit of detection (LOD), (μg/L) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Zearalenone Metabolites | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-ZEL | α-ZAL | β-ZEL | β-ZAL | ZAN | ||
1st stage (n = 10) | n (pos) | 60 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 100 |
min (µg/L) | 0.145 | <0.04 | 1.232 | <0.05 | 1.133 | |
max (µg/L) | 0.348 | <0.04 | 1.964 | <0.05 | 4.257 | |
mean (µg/L) | 0.144 a | <0.04 | 1.577 | <0.05 | 2.88 | |
2nd stage (n = 10) | n (pos) | 100 | 0 | 100 | 60 | 100 |
min (µg/L) | 0.566 | <0.04 | 0.337 | 0.095 | 2.116 | |
max (µg/L) | 3.267 | <0.04 | 2.327 | 0.366 | 5.858 | |
mean (µg/L) | 2.028 b | <0.04 | 1.714 | 0.154 | 3.581 | |
3rd stage (n = 10) | n (pos) | 80 | 0 | 100 | 40 | 100 |
min (µg/L) | 0.318 | <0.04 | 1.391 | 0.057 | 1.257 | |
max (µg/L) | 2.066 | <0.04 | 1.932 | 0.231 | 4.673 | |
mean (µg/L) | 1.114 a,b | <0.04 | 1.643 | 0.058 | 4.098 | |
SEM of mean | 0.597 | 0.472 | 0.09 | 1.391 | ||
p-value | 0.034 | 0.786 | 0.118 | 0.431 |
Zearalenone Metabolites | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-ZEL | α-ZAL | β-ZEL | β-ZAL | ZAN | ||
1st stage (n = 10) | n (pos) | 20 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
min (µg/L) | 0.177 | 0.216 | 0.217 | 0.155 | 0.129 | |
max (µg/L) | 0.247 | 0.588 | 3.399 | 0.704 | 1.127 | |
mean (µg/L) | 0.049 | 0.455 | 1.977 | 0.397 b | 0.602 | |
2nd stage (n = 10) | n (pos) | 40 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
min (µg/L) | 0.265 | 0.421 | 1.648 | 0.022 | 0.298 | |
max (µg/L) | 0.354 | 0.873 | 5.158 | 0.297 | 1.988 | |
mean (µg/L) | 0.124 | 0.611 | 3.1 | 0.207 a | 0.736 | |
3rd stage (n = 10) | n (pos) | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
min (µg/L) | <0.04 | 0.291 | 1.001 | 0.026 | 0.878 | |
max (µg/L) | <0.04 | 0.841 | 3.484 | 0.705 | 1.408 | |
mean (µg/L) | <0.04 | 0.594 | 2.753 | 0.343 b | 1.136 | |
SEM of mean | 0.077 | 0.151 | 0.675 | 0.047 | 0.451 | |
p-value | 0.184 | 0.317 | 0.172 | 0.005 | 0.055 |
β-ZEL in Serum | β-ZAL in Serum | ZAN in Urine | β-ZAL in Urine | α-ZAL in Urine | ZEN in Feed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-ZEL in serum | r | 0.317 | 0.826 ** | 0.233 | −0.305 | −0.011 | 0.273 |
p-Value | 0.249 | 0.0001 | 0.403 | 0.270 | 0.970 | 0.477 | |
ZAN in serum | r | 0.570 * | 0.377 | 0.518 * | −0.284 | 0.116 | −0.605 |
p-Value | 0.027 | 0.166 | 0.048 | 0.305 | 0.680 | 0.084 | |
β-ZEL in urine | r | −0.245 | 0.336 | −0.125 | −0.540 * | 0.098 | −0.360 |
p-Value | 0.379 | 0.220 | 0.657 | 0.038 | 0.727 | 0.342 | |
α-ZEL in urine | r | 0.330 | 0.394 | −0.028 | 0.125 | −0.064 | −0.507 |
p-Value | 0.230 | 0.147 | 0.921 | 0.657 | 0.821 | 0.164 | |
ZEN in feed | r | 0.248 | 0.162 | 0.050 | 0.761 * | 0.807 ** | - |
p-Value | 0.520 | 0.675 | 0.898 | 0.017 | 0.003 | ||
ZEN in milk | r | - | - | - | - | - | 0.411 |
p-Value | 0.271 |
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Falkauskas, R.; Bakutis, B.; Jovaišienė, J.; Vaičiulienė, G.; Gerulis, G.; Kerzienė, S.; Jacevičienė, I.; Jacevičius, E.; Baliukonienė, V. Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Blood Serum, Urine, and Milk of Dairy Cows. Animals 2022, 12, 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131651
Falkauskas R, Bakutis B, Jovaišienė J, Vaičiulienė G, Gerulis G, Kerzienė S, Jacevičienė I, Jacevičius E, Baliukonienė V. Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Blood Serum, Urine, and Milk of Dairy Cows. Animals. 2022; 12(13):1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131651
Chicago/Turabian StyleFalkauskas, Rimvydas, Bronius Bakutis, Jurgita Jovaišienė, Gintarė Vaičiulienė, Gediminas Gerulis, Sigita Kerzienė, Ingrida Jacevičienė, Eugenijus Jacevičius, and Violeta Baliukonienė. 2022. "Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Blood Serum, Urine, and Milk of Dairy Cows" Animals 12, no. 13: 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131651
APA StyleFalkauskas, R., Bakutis, B., Jovaišienė, J., Vaičiulienė, G., Gerulis, G., Kerzienė, S., Jacevičienė, I., Jacevičius, E., & Baliukonienė, V. (2022). Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Blood Serum, Urine, and Milk of Dairy Cows. Animals, 12(13), 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131651