Early Blood Analysis and Gas Exchange Monitoring in the Canine Neonate: Effect of Dam’s Size and Birth Order
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Infrastructure, Animals, and Management
2.1.1. Infrastructure
2.1.2. Study Population
2.1.3. Clinical History
2.1.4. Pregnancy Diagnosis
2.2. Puppies and Evaluated Variables during the First Minute of Life
- (a)
- Live-born puppies (LBP): neonates who presented breathing and heart frequency during the first minute of life;
- (b)
- Stillborn Puppies (SBP): fetuses classified as dead intrapartum (type II) presented the same appearance as their litter partners, except for the absence of breathing;
- (c)
- Antepartum deaths (type I): those with brown-grayish discoloration due to the initial state of mummification; and the most advanced cases in a clear dehydration state and with hair loss.
2.2.1. Blood Physiological Profile
Blood Sampling
2.2.2. Birth Order
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Note
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Canine Neonates (LBP) from Small-Size Female Dogs
3.2. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Live-Born Canine Puppies from Medium-Size Female Dogs
3.3. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Live-Born Canine Puppies from Large-Size Female Dogs
3.4. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Live-Born Canine Puppies from Female Dogs of Different Sizes
4. Discussion
4.1. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Canine Puppies from Small-Size Female Dogs
4.2. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Canine Puppies from Medium-Size Female Dogs
4.3. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Neonate Canine Puppies from Large-Size Female Dogs
4.4. Physiological Parameters According to Birth Order in Canine Puppies from Female Dogs of Different Sizes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
pCO2 | partial carbon dioxide saturation |
pO2 | partial oxygen saturation |
O2 | oxygen |
BE | base excess |
HCO3− | bicarbonate |
Ca++ | calcium |
Htc | hematocrit |
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Blood Traits | Dam’s | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | Value of |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | p | |
(Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | |||
Lactate (mg/dL) | Small n = 75 | 8.75 ± 0.44 a,1 | 7.87 ± 0.39 a,2 | 8.06 ± 0.41 a,2 | 7.99 ± 0.50 a,2 | 7.57 ± 0.73 a,2 | … | … | … | … | 0.12 |
Medium n = 102 | 9.49 0.38 a,1 | 9.59 ± 0.39 a,1 | 10.04 ± 0.37 a,1 | 9.19 ± 0.41 a,1,2 | 9.90 ± 0.42 a,1 | 8.89 ± 0.55 a,1 | 10.00 ± 1.016 a,1 | … | … | 0.49 | |
Large n = 133 | 9.77 ± 0.32 a,1 | 10.04 ±0.34 a,1 | 10.44 ± 0.36 a,1 | 10.05 ± 0.36 a,1 | 9.55 ± 0.355 a,1 | 9.50 ± 0.377 a,1 | 10.45 ± 0.45 a,1 | 10.66 ± 0.58 a | 10.44 ± 0.84 a | 0.41 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | ||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | Small n = 75 | 66.21 ± 5.14 a,1 | 75.69 ± 4.64 a,1 | 70.85 ± 4.88 a,1,2 | 74.92 ± 5.90 a,1 | 78.49 ± 8.54 a,1 | … | … | … | … | 0.20 |
Medium n = 102 | 70.47 ± 4.44 a,1 | 65.35 ± 4.60 a,1 | 74.18 ± 4.40 a,1 | 71.52 ± 4.89 a,1 | 69.18 ± 5.00 a,1 | 78.84 ± 6.46 a,1 | 54.00 ± 11.88 a,1 | … | … | 0.49 | |
Large n = 133 | 74.49 ± 3.81 a,1 | 65.59 ± 4.08 b,1 | 62.17 ± 4.21 b,2 | 65.53 ± 4.23 b,1 | 71.77 ± 4.16 a,b,1 | 72.16 ± 4.41 a,b,1 | 74.29 ± 5.33 a,b,1 | 82.16 ± 6.86 a | 74.00 ± 9.91 a,b | 0.02 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | ||||
pH | Small n = 75 | 7.05 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.08 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.10 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.08 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.05 ± 0.05 a,1 | … | .. | .. | … | 0.53 |
Medium n = 102 | 7.08 ± 0.02 a,1 | 7.068 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.06 ± 0.029 a,1 | 7.06 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.08 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.07 ±0.04 a,1 | 6.97 ± 0.07 a,1 | … | … | 0.65 | |
Large n = 133 | 7.10± 0.02 a,1 | 7.07 ± 0.02 a,1 | 7.04 ± 0.02 a,1 | 7.04 ± 0.02 a,1 | 7.03 ± 0.02 a,1 | 7.07 ± 0.29 a,1 | 7.05 ± 0.03 a,1 | 7.12 ± 0.04 a | 7.14 ± 0.06 a | 0.33 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | ||||
HCO3− (mmol/L) | Small n = 75 | 19.42 ± 0.49 a,1 | 20.36 ± 0.44 a,1 | 19.97 ± 0.47 a,1 | 20.18 ± 0.56 a,1 | 19.61 ± 0.82 a,1 | … | … | … | … | 0.35 |
Medium n = 102 | 19.77 ± 0.42 a,1 | 19.71 ± 0.44 a,1,2 | 19.75 ± 0.42 a,1 | 19.81 ± 0.47 a,1 | 19.21 ± 0.48 a,1 | 19.78 ± 0.62 a,1 | 18.75 ± 1.14 a,1 | … | … | 0.61 | |
Large n = 133 | 19.64 ± 0.36 a,1 | 18.94 ± 0.39 a,2 | 19.20 ± 0.40 a,1 | 18.75 ± 0.40 a,2 | 19.27 ± 0.40 a,1 | 19.12 ± 0.42 a,1 | 18.86 ± 0.51 a,1 | 19.01 ± 0.66 a | 19.00 ± 0.95 a | 0.03 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | ||||
BE (mEq/L) | Small n = 75 | −10.23 ± 0.82 a,1 | −9.58 ± 0.74 a,1 | −9.09 ± 0.78 a,2 | −9.15 ± 0.94 a,2 | −9.32 ± 1.37 a,1 | … | … | … | … | 0.16 |
Medium n = 102 | −9.90 ± 0.71 a,b,1 | −10.91 ± 0.73 a,b,1 | −10.95 ± 0.70 a,b,1,2 | −9.37 ± 0.78 b,2 | −10.51 ± 0.80 a,b,1 | −10.01 ± 1.03 a,b,1 | −13.70 ± 1.90 a,1 | … | … | 0.03 | |
Large n = 133 | −10.48 ± 0.612 a,1 | −10.68 ± 0.65 a,1 | −11.82 ± 0.67 a,1 | −11.85 ± 0.68 a,1 | −10.97 ± 0.66 a,1 | −11.28 ± 0.72 a,1 | −10.08 ± 0.85 a,1 | −12.05 ± 1.10 a | −11.96 ± 1.58 a | 0.41 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
Blood Traits | Dam’s | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | Value of |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | p | |
(Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | |||
pO2 (mmHg) | Small n = 75 | 11.44 ± 0.87 b,1 | 13.32 ± 0.78 a,1 | 12.54 ± 0.82 a,b,1 | 12.86 ± 0.99 a,b,1 | 12.47 ± 1.44 a,b,1,2 | ---- | --- | --- | --- | 0.04 |
Medium n = 102 | 10.25 ± 0.75 c,1 | 10.92 ± 0.78 a,b,c,2 | 10.78 ± 0.76 a,b,c,1,2 | 11.80 ± 0.82 a,b,c,1 | 12.47 ± 0.84 b,1 | 12.98 ± 1.09 a,1 | 9.00 ± 2.01 a,b,c,1 | --- | --- | 0.02 | |
Large n = 133 | 10.98 ± 0.64 a,b,1 | 10.34 ± 0.69 a,b,2 | 9.64 ± 0.71 a,b,2 | 9.30 ± 0.71 b,2 | 9.99 ± 0.70 a,b,2 | 9.95 ± 0.74 a,b,2 | 11.75 ± 0.90 a,1 | 11.83 ± 1.62 a,b | 8.88 ± 1.67 a,b | 0.0 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | ||||
pCO2 (mmHg) | Small n = 75 | 69.19 ± 3.02 a,1 | 63.72 ± 2.73 a,b,2 | 62.05 ± 2.87 b,2 | 65.81 ± 3.47 a,b,2 | 63.93 ± 5.02 a,b,1 | … | … | … | … | 0.02 |
Medium n = 102 | 74.96 ± 2.61 a,1 | 73.33 ± 2.70 a,1 | 74.42 ± 2.58 a,1 | 70.27 ± 2.87 a,2 | 74.28 ± 2.94 a,1 | 70.31 ± 3.80 a,1 | 77.00 ± 6.98 a,1 | … | … | 0.52 | |
Large n = 133 | 74.90 ±2.24 a,b,1 | 74.11 ± 2.40 a,b,1 | 74.80 ± 2.47 a,b,1 | 78.93 ±2.48 a,1 | 74.41 ± 2.44 a,b,1 | 75.33 ± 2.59 a,b,1 | 75.13 ± 3.13 a,b,1 | 68.83 ± 4.03 b | 71.25 ± 5.82 a,b | 0.03 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
Blood Traits | Dam’s | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | BO | Value of |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | p | |
(Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | |||
Ca2+ (mmol/L) | Small n = 75 | 1.72 ± 0.02 a,1 | 1.63 ± 0.02 b,2 | 1.60 ± 0.02 b,2 | 1.65 ± 0.03 a,b,2 | 1.67 ± 0.04 a,b1 | … | … | … | … | 0.005 |
Medium n = 102 | 1.73 ± 0.02 a,1 | 1.71 ± 0.02 a,1 | 1.75 ± 0.02 a,1 | 1.69 ±0.02 a,2 | 1.72 ± 0.02 a,1 | 1.71 ± 0.03 a,1 | 1.78 ± 0.06 a,1 | … | … | 0.00 | |
Large n = 133 | 1.71 ± 0.02 b,1 | 1.76 ± 0.02 a,b,1 | 1.79 ± 0.02 a,1 | 1.77 ±0.02 a,1 | 1.75 ± 0.02 a,b,1 | 1.72 ± 0.02 b,1 | 1.77 ± 0.03 a,b,1 | 1.70 ± 0.03 b | 1.72 ± 0.05 a,b | 0.04 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | ||||
Htc (%) | Small n = 75 | 53.76 ± 1.06 a,1 | 51.24 ± 0.96 b,2 | 51.40 ± 1.01 b,2 | 52.76 ± 1.22 a,b,2 | 49.25 ±1.77 b,2 | … | … | … | … | 0.02 |
Medium n = 102 | 53.53 ± 0.92 a,1 | 53.60 ± 0.95 a,1,2 | 54.04 ± 0.91 a,1 | 52.72 ± 1.01 a,1,2 | 55.31 ± 1.04 a,1 | 54.58 ± 1.34 a,1 | 57.10 ± 2.47 a,1 | … | … | 0.39 | |
Large n = 133 | 53.94 ± 0.79 a,1 | 54.51 ± 0.85 a,1 | 54.87 ± 0.87 a,1 | 55.41 ± 0.88 a,1 | 54.78 ± 0.86 a,1 | 53.22 ± 0.91 a,1 | 53.41 ± 1.10 a,1 | 53.60 ± 1.42 a | 51.08 ± 2.06 a | 0.49 | |
Value of p | p > 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
(y) | (x) | r Value | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
BO | pH | −0.19 | p = 0.00 |
pCO2 (mmHg) | 0.17 | p = 0.00 | |
pO2 (mmHg) | −0.15 | p = 0.00 | |
Glucose (mg/dL) | −0.10 | p = 0.05 | |
Ca2+ (mmol/L) | 0.20 | p = 0.00 | |
Lactate (mg/dL) | 0.24 | p < 0.00 | |
Htc (%) | 0.18 | p = 0.00 | |
HCO3− (mmol/L) | −0.21 | p = 0.00 | |
BE (mEq/L) | 0.24 | p < 0.00 |
(y) | (x) | Dam’s Size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Small n = 75 | Medium n = 102 | Large n = 133 | ||
BO | pH | −0.015 p = 0.89 | −0.04 p = 0.65 | −0.25 p = 0.00 |
pCO2 (mmHg) | −0.06 p = 0.59 | −0.02 p = 0.83 | 0.20 p = 0.02 | |
pO2 (mmHg) | 0.03 p = 0.79 | 0.13 p = 0.17 | −0.20 p = 0.01 | |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.09 p = 0.43 | −0.12 p = 0.20 | −0.17 p = 0.04 | |
Ca2+ (mmol/L) | −0.07 p = 0.53 | 0.01 p = 0.88 | 0.18 p = 0.03 | |
Lactate (mg/dL) | −0.056 p = 0.63 | 0.02 p = 0.82 | 0.28 p = 0.00 | |
Htc (%) | −0.14 p = 0.21 | 0.12 p = 0.22 | 0.12 p = 0.15 | |
HCO3− (mmol/L) | −0.07 p = 0.54 | −0.08 p = 0.42 | −0.21 p = 0.01 | |
BE (mEq/L) | 0.13 p = 0.25 | −0.03 p = 0.70 | −0.27 p = 0.00 |
Dam’s size | Female n = 145 (46.77%) | Male n = 165 (53.23%) | Total n = 310 |
---|---|---|---|
LBP | LBP | ||
Small | 38 (46.67%) a,1 | 37 (41.33%) a,1 | 75 (24.20%) |
Medium | 49 (45.10%) a,1 | 53 (41.18%) a,1 | 102 (32.90%) |
Large | 58 (39.10%) a,1 | 75 (38.35%) a,1 | 133 (42.90%) |
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Reyes-Sotelo, B.; Ogi, A.; Mora-Medina, P.; Mariti, C.; Olmos-Hernández, A.; Hernández-Ávalos, I.; Domínguez-Oliva, A.; Rosas, M.E.; Verduzco-Mendoza, A.; Gazzano, A. Early Blood Analysis and Gas Exchange Monitoring in the Canine Neonate: Effect of Dam’s Size and Birth Order. Animals 2022, 12, 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121508
Reyes-Sotelo B, Ogi A, Mora-Medina P, Mariti C, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Domínguez-Oliva A, Rosas ME, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Gazzano A. Early Blood Analysis and Gas Exchange Monitoring in the Canine Neonate: Effect of Dam’s Size and Birth Order. Animals. 2022; 12(12):1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121508
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyes-Sotelo, Brenda, Asahi Ogi, Patricia Mora-Medina, Chiara Mariti, Adriana Olmos-Hernández, Ismael Hernández-Ávalos, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva, Marcelino Evodio Rosas, Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza, and Angelo Gazzano. 2022. "Early Blood Analysis and Gas Exchange Monitoring in the Canine Neonate: Effect of Dam’s Size and Birth Order" Animals 12, no. 12: 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121508