Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP)
3. Susceptibility to Infection with MAP
4. Transmission of MAP
5. Clinical Signs of PTB
6. Prevalence and Distribution of PTB in Small Ruminants
6.1. Prevalence of PTB in Goats at the Animal Level
6.2. Flock-Level Prevalence of PTB in Goats
6.3. Prevalence of PTB in Sheep at Animal Level
6.4. Flock-Level Prevalence of PTB in Sheep
7. Pathogenesis of PTB
8. Pathologic Changes of PTB
8.1. Pathologic Changes of PTB in Sheep
8.2. Pathologic Changes of PTB in Goats
9. Diagnosis of PTB
9.1. Microscopic Examination
9.2. Culture Methods
9.3. Molecular Assays
9.4. Serologic Tests
9.4.1. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELSIA)
9.4.2. Agar Gel Immuno-Diffusion (AGID) Test
9.4.3. The Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
10. Treatment, Control and Prevention
10.1. Changes of Management Practices
10.2. Test-and-Cull
10.3. Vaccination
10.4. Selective Breeding
11. Research Gaps
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. of Studies | Total No. of Animals or Samples | Smears from Faeces or Tissue/Inclusion Criteria | PCR/Inclusion Criteria | Real-Time PCR | ELISA | AGID/Inclusion Criteria | Culture | Histopathology | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 479 sheep 260 goats | 4/5 AGID +ve | 11 (2.3%) sheep 1 (0%) goat | 5/12 ELISA +ve | 2 sheep +ve in 3 tests | [61] | |||
2 | 219 goats | 9.2% (7/76) | 12.5% (5/40) | 43.3% (95/219) | 10% (24/219) | [130] | |||
3 | 200 sera from goats | 14/50(28.0%) (strong reactors in ELISA) | 1/14 (7.14%) +ve faecal smears and 6/50 (12.0%) strong ELISA +ve. | 63.5% | [66] | ||||
4 | 30 sheep | 4 (13.3%) faeces, 19 (63.3%) tissues, 7 (23.3%) blood | 3 (10.0%) | 2 (6.7%) faeces, 6 (20.0%) tissues | 21 (70.0%) | [87] | |||
5 | 66 slaughtered goats | 9 (13.63%) tissue | 9 (13.63%) | [89] | |||||
6 | 130 (8.7%) suspected small ruminants | 62 (47.7%) faeces | 25 (65.8%)/38 +ve faecal smears | [85] | |||||
7 | 192 goats | 21 (10.9%; 7.3–16.1%) | [63] | ||||||
8 | 168 sheep (farm 1), 112 sheep (farm 2) | 30 (60.0%), 5 (10.0%) | 24 (35.2%) 6 (50.0%) | 38 (76.0%) 7 (14.0%) | [131] | ||||
9 | 121 serum samples 16 pooled faecal samples | 2/16 faecal samples | 11/23 (9%) ELISA strong +ve | 23/121 (19.01%)/strong +ve 85/121 (70.25%) +ve | [132] |
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Idris, S.M.; Eltom, K.H.; Okuni, J.B.; Ojok, L.; Elmagzoub, W.A.; El Wahed, A.A.; Eltayeb, E.; Gameel, A.A. Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants. Animals 2022, 12, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010012
Idris SM, Eltom KH, Okuni JB, Ojok L, Elmagzoub WA, El Wahed AA, Eltayeb E, Gameel AA. Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants. Animals. 2022; 12(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdris, Sanaa M., Kamal H. Eltom, Julius B. Okuni, Lonzy Ojok, Wisal A. Elmagzoub, Ahmed Abd El Wahed, ElSagad Eltayeb, and Ahmed A. Gameel. 2022. "Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants" Animals 12, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010012