Porcine Protein Hydrolysates (PEPTEIVA®) Promote Growth and Enhance Systemic Immunity in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fish, Diets, and Sampling
2.2. Skin Mucus Collection, Biomarker Analyses, and Antibacterial Activity Measurement
2.3. Ex Vivo Immune Stimulation of Splenocytes with LPS and Gene Expression Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Growth, Body Condition, and Feed Performance Indicators
3.2. Skin Mucus Biomarkers and Bactericidal Activity
3.3. Gene Expression Analysis of Splenocytes Stimulated by LPS in an Ex Vivo Assay
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (%) | Control Diet | PPH Diet |
---|---|---|
Fishmeal LT70 (NORVIK) | 7.0 | 2.0 |
PPH (PEPTEIVA®, APC Europe) | - | 5.0 |
Soy protein concentrate (Soycomil) | 21.0 | 21.0 |
Pea protein concentrate | 12.0 | 12.0 |
Wheat gluten | 12.0 | 12.0 |
Corn gluten | 12.0 | 12.0 |
Soybean meal 48 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Wheat meal | 10.4 | 10.4 |
Fish oil (SAVINOR) | 15.0 | 15.0 |
Vitamin and Mineral Premix PV01 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Soy lecithin—Powder | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Binder (guar gum) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
MCP | 2.0 | 2.0 |
L-Lysine | 0.3 | 0.3 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.1 | 0.1 |
DL-Methionine | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Proximate composition | ||
Crude protein (%) | 48.37 ± 0.2 | 48.50 ± 0.3 |
Crude fat (%) | 17.19 ± 0.2 | 17.11 ± 0.1 |
Ash (%) | 5.88 ± 0.05 | 5.81 ± 0.07 |
Gross energy (MJ kg feed−1) | 21.62 ± 0.4 | 21.77 ± 0.5 |
Control Diet | PPH Diet | |
---|---|---|
Survival (%) | 96.8 ± 2.7 | 97.6 ± 1.6 |
SLi (cm) | 10.2 ± 0.08 | 10.3 ± 0.10 |
SLf (cm) | 18.7 ± 0.31 | 19.0 ± 0.36 |
BWi (g) | 26.0 ± 0.03 | 25.9 ± 0.11 |
BWf (g) | 173.8 ± 4.14 * | 182.2 ± 4.37 |
SGRBW (% BW day−1) | 2.06 ± 0.03 * | 2.12 ± 0.02 |
K | 2.64 ± 0.07 | 2.67 ± 0.04 |
FCR | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.11 |
FI (g feed fish−1) | 115.1 ± 4.5 * | 130.8 ± 8.7 |
Control Diet | PPH Diet | |
---|---|---|
Mucus biomarkers | ||
Glucose (µg mL−1) | 14.98 ± 5.45 | 16.36 ± 5.61 |
Lactate (µg mL−1) | 7.24 ± 3.01 | 8.57 ± 2.37 |
Protein (mg mL−1) | 9.01 ± 3.41 | 11.76 ± 3.46 |
Cortisol (µg mL−1) | 0.40 ± 0.45 | 0.06 ± 0.02 |
FRAP (µmol mL−1) | 1387 ± 277 | 1610 ± 294 |
Mucus ratios | ||
Glucose/protein (µg mg−1) | 1.83 ± 0.53 | 1.66 ± 0.49 |
Lactate/protein (µg mg−1) | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.76 ± 0.18 |
Cortisol/protein (ng g−1) | 53.4 ± 57.6 | 7.2 ± 3.3 |
FRAP/protein (µmol mg−1) | 146 ± 20 | 146 ± 41 |
Glucose/Lactate | 2.41 ± 0.44 | 2.02 ± 0.46 |
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Gisbert, E.; Ibarz, A.; Firmino, J.P.; Fernández-Alacid, L.; Salomón, R.; Vallejos-Vidal, E.; Ruiz, A.; Polo, J.; Sanahuja, I.; Reyes-López, F.E.; et al. Porcine Protein Hydrolysates (PEPTEIVA®) Promote Growth and Enhance Systemic Immunity in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). Animals 2021, 11, 2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072122
Gisbert E, Ibarz A, Firmino JP, Fernández-Alacid L, Salomón R, Vallejos-Vidal E, Ruiz A, Polo J, Sanahuja I, Reyes-López FE, et al. Porcine Protein Hydrolysates (PEPTEIVA®) Promote Growth and Enhance Systemic Immunity in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). Animals. 2021; 11(7):2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072122
Chicago/Turabian StyleGisbert, Enric, Antoni Ibarz, Joana P. Firmino, Laura Fernández-Alacid, Ricardo Salomón, Eva Vallejos-Vidal, Alberto Ruiz, Javier Polo, Ignasi Sanahuja, Felipe E. Reyes-López, and et al. 2021. "Porcine Protein Hydrolysates (PEPTEIVA®) Promote Growth and Enhance Systemic Immunity in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)" Animals 11, no. 7: 2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072122