Condensed Tannins as Antioxidants in Ruminants—Effectiveness and Action Mechanisms to Improve Animal Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stability of Products
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Condensed Tannins’ Chemical Structure
3. Condensed Tannins as Antioxidants in Ruminant Diets
3.1. Condensed Tannin-Rich Plants and Agro-Industrial By-Products
3.2. Condensed Tannin Extracts
4. Condensed Tannins’ Antioxidant Action Mechanisms
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal | Source | CT Level in Diets (g/kg DM) | Basal Diet | Sample | Effect | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant | Level in Diet (g/kg DM) | ||||||
Lamb | Grape pomace | 50 and 100 1 | - | Corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, oil cake of flax seed, naked oat straw and potato rattan | muscle and testes | ↓ROS and MDA levels; ↑Total antioxidant capacity; ↑ activity of GPx4 and SOD in muscle and testes; ↑activity of CAT in testes | [49,50] |
Lamb | Grape pomace | 51.7 and 103 | 2.21 and 4.41 | Forage:concentrate (40:60) supplemented with 2.7% of linseed oil supplied to dams | muscle | ↓MDA levels and MMb % in suckling lambs | [51] |
Lamb | Grape pomace | 50 | 2.23 4 | Barley straw and concentrate ad libitum; grape pomace included in concentrate | muscle | =MDA levels and MMb % | [52] |
Lamb | Grape pomace | 50, 100, 150 and 200 2 | 2.7; 3.5; 4.9 and 6.0 5 0.8; 1.2; 1.8 and 2.6 6 | Concentrate: lucerne meal (80:20) | muscle | ↑ FRAP values from day 1 to day 3 in the diets with 150 and 200 g/kg grape pomace; ↓ MDA levels from day 5 onward in the diets with 200 g/kg grape pomace; ↓ carbonyl content at days 5 and 7 of storage | [53] |
Steers | Grape pomace | 150 2 | 50.7 5 24.1 7 | Wheat straw: concentrate: lucerne (9:80:10) | muscle | ↑ FRAP values; ↓ MDA and carbonyl levels | [54] |
Cow | Grape pomace silage | 50, 75 and 100 | - | Silage: concentrate (60:40); grape pomace silage replace partially the corn silage in forage | milk | ↑ reducing power; =production of conjugated diene hydroperoxides | [55] |
Lamb | Carob pulp | 240 and 350 2 | 3.4 and 4.5 8 | Concentrate: dehydrated lucerne (80:20); carob pulp replaces partially barley of the concentrate | muscle | =MDA levels, free thiol and carbonyl levels and MMb % | [56] |
Goat | Pine bark | - | 130 4 | Rye grass pasture supplemented with mixture of pine bark with molasses (6% w/w) and alfalfa (5% w/w) containing 130 g/kg DM of CT | muscle | =MDA levels | [57] |
Goat | Peanut skin | 250; 500 and 7502 | 39; 78 and 117 2 | Concentrate (cracked corn, soybean meal, soy hull and molasses) and peanut skin | muscle | =MDA levels in diets with 500 and 750 g/kg peanut skin | [58] |
Lamb | Cistus ladanifer L. | 250 | 20.9 9 | Dehydrated lucerne supplemented with 0 or 6% of a blend of sunflower and linseed oils (1:2, v/v) | muscle | ↓ MDA levels after lipid oxidation induction | [59] |
Lamb | Cistus ladanifer L. | 50, 100 and 200 | 2.7; 6.9 and 15.6 9 | Concentrate: dehydrated lucerne (50:50); supplemented with 0, 4 and 8% of a blend of soybean and linseed oils (1:2, v/v); Cistus ladanifer replaces partially the forage | muscle | ↓ MDA levels; ↓ MDA levels after lipid oxidation induction; ↑ α-tocopherol content; =total phenolic content, FRAP and TEAC values | [60,61] |
Lamb | Cistus ladanifer L. | 150 | 3.5–5.6 9 | Concentrate: dehydrated lucerne (50:50); supplemented with 5–6% of soybean oil; Cistus ladanifer replaces partially the forage | muscle | =MDA levels | [62] |
Goat | Larrean divaricata | 125 2 | 1.74 | Alfalfa hay, corn and soybean meal | muscle | =DPPH values; =total phenolic content; ↓ MDA levels in meat stored at 4 °C over 6 days, at 26 °C for 6 h and at −18 °C for 30 days | [63] |
Acacia aroma | 125 2 | 5.63 | |||||
Goat | Acacia farnesiana | 100, 200 and 300 | - | Lucerne hay and concentrate | milk | ↑ total phenolic content; =catechin concentration; ↑ ORAC and FRAP values | [64] |
Cow | Ficus infectoria | 119 2 | 154 | Rice straw, maize green and concentrate (maize, mustard cake and rice bran); Ficus infectoria leaves included in concentrate replacing rice bran | erythrocytes | ↑ SOD and CAT activity; ↑ GSH levels; ↓ MDA levels; ↑ total thiol levels | [65] |
Lamb | Ficus infectoria | 106, 159 and 212 2 | 10; 15 and 20 4 | Wheat straw, green fodder, and concentrate; Ficus infectoria leaves replacing partially the wheat bran of the concentrate | erythrocytes | ↑ SOD and CAT activity; ↑GSH levels; ↓ MDA levels; ↑ total thiol and protein thiol levels | [66] |
Lamb | Ficus infectoria and Psidium guajava (70:30) | 96; 144 and 192 3 | 10; 15 and 20 4 | Wheat straw, oat hay and concentrate (maize, wheat bran, deoiled soybean meal); leaf meal mixture replace the concentrate | erythrocytes | ↑ SOD, GPx and CAT activity; ↑ GSH and GST levels; ↑ total thiol and protein thiol levels; =MDA levels | [67] |
Goat | Oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) | - | 33.5 4 | Concentrate: oak leaves as roughage | erythrocytes | ↑ SOD and CAT activity; ↑ GSH levels | [68] |
Lamb | Sainfoin (Onobrychis viccifolia) | - | 5.59–6.71 4,8 | Silage mixture of timothy and sainfoin (50:50) ad libitum, straw (60–80g/d) and barley (229 g/d) | muscle | =MDA levels in raw meat; ↓ MDA levels under pro-oxidant conditions (cooking and incubation with pro-oxidant catalysts) | [69] |
Lamb | Sainfoin (Onobrychis viccifolia) | - | 21.9 10 | Sainfoin pasture supplied to dams | muscle | ↓ MDA levels suckling lambs | [70] |
Steers | High-tannin sorghum | 383–765 | 17.3–34.6 11 | Silage:concentrate (10:90); high-tannin sorghum replace partially the corn of the concentrate | muscle | ↓ MDA levels in vacuum-packaged beef; ↑ MDA levels in displayed beef over 6, 10 and 15 days; =SOD, CAT and GPx activity | [71] |
Lamb | Sorghum grain | 100; 200 and 400 | 8.2; 16.4 and 24.5 11 | Forage (Aneurolepidium Chinense hay and alfalfa hay):concentrate (corn grain and soybean meal) (42:58). Stepwise replacement of corn grain by sorghum grain | muscle | =MDA levels; ↑ tannin levels | [72] |
Animal | Source | CT Level (g/kg DM) | Basal Diet | Sample | Effect | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant | CT Levels of Extract (g/kg DM) | CT Extract Levels (g/kg DM) | ||||||
Lamb | Quebracho | - | 50 1 | 3.7 6 | Concentrate (corn, soybean meal, wheat and barley) + straw ad libitum. Quebracho extract included in concentrate | muscle | =MDA and MMb levels | [70] |
Lamb | Quebracho | 750 1 | 100 1 | 75 1,5 | Dietary treatments supplied to dams. Pasture vs. forage diets supplemented with concentrate. Quebracho extract included in concentrate | muscle | ↓ MDA levels; ↑ α-tocopherol levels in muscle of suckling lambs; =MMb levels | [80] |
Lamb | Quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) | - | 89 | 40.4 2 | High-concentrate diet (barley and soyabean meal) and lucerne hay; quebracho extract included in concentrate and forage mixture | muscle | =MDA levels; ↑ total phenols levels; ↑ FRAP and TEAC values; ↓ MMb % | [82,83] |
Lamb | Quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) | - | 95.7 | 64 | High-concentrate diet (barley and soyabean meal) and lucerne hay; quebracho extract included in concentrate and forage mixture | liver | =total phenolic content; ↑ FRAP values in raw samples; =total phenolic content and FRAP values in SPE samples | [84] |
plasma | ↑ total phenolic content and FRAP values in raw samples; =total phenolic content and FRAP values in SPE samples | |||||||
Sheep | Quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) | 456 2 | 52.8 5 | 16 g/kg DM intake | 250 g Chopped grass hay + 800 g concentrate/day | plasma | =MDA levels | [85] |
Sheep | Quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho) | - | 80 1 | - | Dried beet pulp supplemented with 2% of vegetable oil | muscle | =MDA levels | [81] |
Lamb | Grape seed (Vinis vitifera) | 950 | 25 | 14.1 7 | Dehydrated lucerne supplemented with 0 or 6% of a mixture of sunflower and linseed oils (1:2, v/v) | muscle | ↓ MDA levels after lipid oxidation induction | [59] |
Sheep | Grape peel and seed (Vinis vitifera) | >800 | 10% DM intake | - | Concentrate (barley, beet pulp, soybean meal, molasses): meadow hay (30:70) | plasma | ↑ TEAC values; ↑ the length of the lag phase of conjugated dienes generation; presence of five different phenolic compounds, including epicatechin | [87] |
Lamb | Grape seed | - | 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg BW/day | - | Total mixed feed with concentrate (corn, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, wheat bran): forage (corn and millet straw) (70:30) | muscle | ↑ total antioxidant capacity, ↑ activity of CAT, SOD and GPx4; ↓ MDA levels | [86] |
Lamb | Grape seed | 413 | 50 mg extract/kg DM 5 | - | Barley straw and concentrate (barley, soya and molasses) ad libitum, grape seed extract included in concentrate | muscle | =MDA levels and MMb %; | [52] |
Sheep Goat | Grape seed | - | 74 5 | 7.3–7.5 4 | Forage:concentrate:dried sugar beet pulp (51:46:3), grape seed included in concentrate | milk plasma | =FRAP values in plasma; ↑ total phenol concentration in plasma and milk | [88] |
Lamb | Red wine extract | - | 900 mg extract/kg feed 5 | - | Barley + concentrate (corn meal, barley, wheat, soybean meal, sunflower meal) supplemented with extruded linseed and deodorized fish oil; red wine extract included in concentrate | muscle | =MDA and protein carbonyl levels; =total phenols content | [89] |
Lamb | Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) | - | 40 1 | 22.3 2 | Concentrate (barley, wheat bran, soybean meal, molasses): dehydrated lucerne (85:15) | muscle | =MDA levels; ↓ MMb % | [90] |
Lamb | Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) | 881 3 | 40 1 | 22.3 2 | Concentrate (barley, wheat bran, soybean meal, molasses): dehydrated lucerne (85:15) | muscle | =MDA levels in raw and cooked meat and in meat homogenates with Fe3+/Asc; did not after color stability | [91] |
Bull | Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) | 720 3 | 10, 30 and 50 | - | Concentrate (corn, soybean meal, soybean oil (4.3%)): Tifton-85 hay (60:40) | muscle | =MDA levels in salted and sun-dried meat | [92] |
Bull | Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) | 700 | 141 1,5 | - | Maize silage:concentrate; mimosa extract included in concentrate | perirenal fat | =oxidative stability evaluated by rancimat test | [93] |
Cow | Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) | 805 1 | 6.1; 12.2; 18.4 and 24.6 | 5; 10; 15 and 20 | Concentrate: forage (80:20) | milk | =MDA levels and reducing power; ↑ diene conjugates concentration | [94] |
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Soldado, D.; Bessa, R.J.B.; Jerónimo, E. Condensed Tannins as Antioxidants in Ruminants—Effectiveness and Action Mechanisms to Improve Animal Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stability of Products. Animals 2021, 11, 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113243
Soldado D, Bessa RJB, Jerónimo E. Condensed Tannins as Antioxidants in Ruminants—Effectiveness and Action Mechanisms to Improve Animal Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stability of Products. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113243
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoldado, David, Rui J. B. Bessa, and Eliana Jerónimo. 2021. "Condensed Tannins as Antioxidants in Ruminants—Effectiveness and Action Mechanisms to Improve Animal Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stability of Products" Animals 11, no. 11: 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113243