Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Seaweed, Heat Stress and Genetic Strain on Performance, Plasma Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Laying Hens
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Birds, Housing and Diets
2.2. Seaweed Preparation
2.3. Layer Performance
2.4. Collection of Blood Samples and Chemical Analysis
2.5. Hematology Sample Preparation
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Layer Production Performance
3.2. Blood Plasma Biochemistry
3.3. Hematology Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Layer Performance
4.2. Blood Biochemistry
4.3. Hematological Parameters
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CC | Chondrus crispus |
AN | Ascophyllum nodosum |
H/L | Heterophil/lymphocyte |
APRI | Institute of the Dalhousie Agricultural Campus |
AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
GGT | Gamma-glutamyltransferase |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
GLDH | Glutamate dehydrogenase |
ANOVA | Analysis of Variance |
SAS | Statistical analysis system |
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Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients | 0% | 3% CC | 0.5% AN | 0% | 3% CC | 0.5% AN | 0% | 3% CC | 0.5% AN |
Ground Corn | 532.56 | 497.47 | 524.5 | 538.45 | 503.37 | 530.47 | 549.13 | 513.17 | 541.13 |
Canola Meal | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Wheat | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Soybean Meal | 143.59 | 136.64 | 144.28 | 135.57 | 126.62 | 136.26 | 123.35 | 116.42 | 124.05 |
Limestone | 45.15 | 44.96 | 45.07 | 46.43 | 46.26 | 46.35 | 47.7 | 47.55 | 47.61 |
Shell Mix | 22.58 | 22.49 | 22.53 | 23.23 | 23.13 | 23.17 | 23.85 | 23.77 | 23.81 |
Oyster Shell | 22.58 | 22.49 | 22.53 | 23.21 | 23.13 | 23.17 | 23.85 | 23.77 | 23.81 |
Animal/Vegetable Fat | 11.82 | 27.47 | 14.7 | 11.93 | 27.57 | 14.81 | 11.42 | 27.09 | 14.31 |
Dicalcium Phosphate | 11.18 | 11.39 | 11.21 | 10.8 | 11.01 | 10.83 | 10.44 | 10.66 | 10.48 |
Vitamin/Mineral Premix 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Salt | 3.73 | 0.14 | 3.33 | 3.61 | 0.02 | 3.21 | 3.63 | 0.04 | 3.22 |
Mehionine Premix 2 | 1.8 | 1.91 | 1.75 | 1.77 | 1.88 | 1.72 | 1.62 | 1.74 | 1.58 |
Tasco | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Ground Chondrus crispus | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
Calculated Composition (%) | |||||||||
Metabolizable Energy (kCal/kg) | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 | 2800 |
Protein (%) | 16.04 | 16.04 | 16.04 | 15.71 | 15.71 | 15.71 | 15.22 | 15.22 | 15.22 |
Calcium (%) | 3.73 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 3.82 | 3.82 | 3.82 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 3.91 |
Available Phosphorus (%) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
Sodium (%) | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
Parameters | Brown Strain | White Strain | SEM | p-Value Strain | p-Value Seaweed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% CC | 3% CC | 0% CC | 3% CC | ||||
Egg production (%) | 85.1 b | 81.3 b | 88.2 a | 87.1 a | 0.16 | 0.002 | NS 1 |
Feed Intake (g/bird/day) | 95.1 a | 85.9 b | 90.6 ab | 87.1 b | 29.5 | NS | <0.001 |
Feed/egg | 108.0 a | 96.7 bc | 96.7 b | 95.2 c | 1.7 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Body Weight (g) | 2113.3 a | 2083.9 ab | 1798.4 b | 1743.6 b | 36.3 | <0.001 | NS |
Weight gain (g) | 98.2 ab | −119 b | 135.8 a | − 142.4 b | 42.8 | NS | <0.001 |
Plasma Parameter | Units | Brown Strain | White Strain | p-Value Strain | p-Value Seaweed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% CC | 3% CC | 0% CC | 3% CC | ||||
Protein | g/L | 52.9 ± 3.4 b | 52.3 ± 1.8 b | 54.3 ± 0.9 ab | 64.0 ± 3.1 a | 0.02 | NS 1 |
Albumin | g/L | 18.1 ± 0.7 | 19.3 ± 1.1 | 17.4 ± 0.6 | 18.1 ± 0.4 | NS | NS |
Globulin | g/L | 34.8 ± 2.7 b | 33.0 ± 0.9 b | 36.9 ± 1.3 ab | 46.0 ± 3.5 a | <0.01 | NS |
Glucose | mM/L | 14.2 ± 0.3 | 13.7 ± 0.4 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 13.2 ± 0.3 | NS | NS |
Chol 2 | mM/L | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.07 | 0.8 ± 0.07 | 0.8 ± 0.08 | NS | NS |
ALP 3 | U/L | 246.9 ± 47.2 | 206.8 ± 49.2 | 226.5 ± 44.5 | 202.3 ± 27.6 | NS | NS |
AST 4 | U/L | 194.9 ± 19.1 | 167.8 ± 8.3 | 181.0 ± 4.9 | 227.2 ± 32.7 | NS | NS |
ALT 5 | U/L | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 3 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | NS | NS |
GGT 6 | U/L | 24.3 ± 3.1 | 32.9 ± 5.7 | 21.7 ± 1.9 | 22.3 ± 2.3 | NS | NS |
GLDH 7 | U/L | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | NS | NS |
Plasma Parameter | Units | p-Value Strain | p-Value Seaweed | p -Value Heat Stress | Strain × Seaweed | Seaweed × Heat Stress | Strain × Heat Stress | Strain × Seaweed × Heat Stress |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | g/L | <0.01 | NS 1 | <0.01 | NS | NS | 0.02 | NS |
Albumin | g/L | NS | 0.04 | NS 1 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Globulin | g/L | <0.01 | NS | <0.01 | NS | NS | 0.02 | NS |
Glucose | mM/L | NS | NS | <0.01 | NS | NS | 0.01 | NS |
Chol | mM/L | NS | NS | <0.01 | 0.01 | NS | <0.01 | NS |
ALP | U/L | <0.01 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
AST | U/L | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
ALT | U/L | 0.01 | NS | <0.01 | NS | NS | <0.01 | NS |
GGT | U/L | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
GLDH | U/L | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | <0.01 | NS |
0% CC | 3% CC | 0.5% AN | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown Strain | ||||||
Plasma Parameter | Control | Heat Stress | Control | Heat Stress | Control | Heat Stress |
Protein | 59.7 ± 1.4 abc | 45.2 ± 1.9 d | 53.5 ± 3.2 abcd | 47.4 ± 3.4 cd | 55.9 ± 2.2 abcd | 47.6 ± 2.5 bcd |
Albumin | 19.5 ± 0.5 | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 17.5 ± 0.7 | 17.4 ± 1.1 | 19.5 ± 0.9 | 18.6 ± 0.4 |
Globulin | 40.5 ± 1.1 abc | 27.1 ± 2.1 d | 35.7 ± 3.8 abcd | 30.0 ± 2.5 bcd | 36.4 ± 2.1 abcd | 29.0 ± 2.2 cd |
Glucose | 14.1 ± 0.3 ab | 11.9 ± 0.6 b | 14.1 ± 0.3 ab | 12.5 ± 0.8 b | 14.4 ± 0.8 ab | 11.8 ± 0.4 ab |
Chol | 1.4 ± 0.3 c | 3.7 ± 0.4 a | 1.7 ± 0.2 bc | 3.4± 0.5 ab | 2.4 ± 0.3 abc | 3.8 ± 0.6 a |
ALP | 156.7 ± 31.6 | 190.5 ± 59.8 | 195.4 ± 39.6 | 191.6 ± 66.3 | 171.9 ± 18.1 | 131.7 ± 28.1 |
AST | 169.2 ± 7.9 | 156.125 ± 10.5 | 153.6 ± 13.7 | 198.1 ± 36.9 | 218.5 ± 30.1 | 194.4 ± 12.2 |
ALT | 4.0 ± 0.7 bc | 16.0 ± 4.5 a | 3.5 ± 0.9 c | 14.7 ± 2.6 ab | 3.5 ± 1.5 c | 12.2 ± 5.6 abc |
GGT | 32.5 ± 1.2 | 65.6 ± 30.9 | 42.2 ± 9.5 | 115.5 ± 48.6 | 49.4 ± 7.6 | 133.8 ± 56.3 |
GLDH | 2.7 ± 2.3 b | 26.6 ± 8.4 a | 1.1 ± 0.6 b | 10.7 ± 7.7 ab | 6.6 ± 3.1 ab | 9.7 ± 5.1 ab |
White strain | ||||||
Protein | 59.5 ± 2.1 abc | 58.5 ± 2.1 abcd | 61.5 ± 3.5 ab | 58.4 ± 5.1 abcd | 62.9 ± 2.0 a | 62.4 ± 2.4 a |
Albumin | 18.0 ± 0.4 | 18.6 ± 0.7 | 18.7 ± 0.5 | 17.2 ± 0.6 | 18.4 ± 0.9 | 20.0 ± 1.1 |
Globulin | 41.5 ± 2.4 abc | 39.9 ± 1.6 abc | 42.7 ± 3.1 a | 41.1 ± 4.5 abc | 44.5 ± 1.7 a | 42.4 ± 1.8 ab |
Glucose | 13.7 ± 0.5 ab | 12.5 ± 0.4 ab | 13.7 ± 0.3 ab | 12.7 ± 0.3 ab | 14.0± 0.6 ab | 14.8 ± 0.7 a |
Chol | 2.8 ± 0.3a bc | 3.5 ± 0.3 ab | 3.4 ± 0.4 ab | 2.2 ± 0.1 abc | 1.6 ± 0.2 bc | 2.5 ± 0.6 abc |
ALP | 347.6 ± 46.9 | 263.6 ± 47.8 | 218.6 ± 31.4 | 264.7 ± 55.9 | 233.8 ± 9.1 | 219.9 ± 27.6 |
AST | 190.1 ± 14.9 | 161.4 ± 9.4 | 176.5 ± 11.7 | 225.6 ± 31.9 | 199.6 ± 13.5 | 202.9 ± 27.3 |
ALT | 6.4 ± 2.9 abc | 3.7 ± 0.8 c | 2.4 ± 0.5 c | 1.6 ± 0.7 c | 5.1 ± 1.5 abc | 6.4 ± 1.3 abc |
GGT | 26.1 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 4.9 | 26.9 ± 6.9 | 20.4± 0.2 | 35.0 ± 1.8 | 139.4 ± 59.5 |
GLDH | 9.4 ± 7.2 ab | 1.7 ± 0.7 b | 2.8 ± 0.8 b | 2.5 ± 0.5 b | 7.5 ± 2.9 ab | 3.6 ± 1.9 b |
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Borzouie, S.; M. Rathgeber, B.; M. Stupart, C.; MacIsaac, J.; MacLaren, L.A. Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Seaweed, Heat Stress and Genetic Strain on Performance, Plasma Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Laying Hens. Animals 2020, 10, 1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091570
Borzouie S, M. Rathgeber B, M. Stupart C, MacIsaac J, MacLaren LA. Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Seaweed, Heat Stress and Genetic Strain on Performance, Plasma Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Laying Hens. Animals. 2020; 10(9):1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091570
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorzouie, Shima, Bruce M. Rathgeber, Cassie M. Stupart, Janice MacIsaac, and Leslie A. MacLaren. 2020. "Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Seaweed, Heat Stress and Genetic Strain on Performance, Plasma Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Laying Hens" Animals 10, no. 9: 1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091570