Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Kennel Environment
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Data Collection and Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Treatment Effects on Behaviour During the 3 H Treatment Period
3.2. Residual Treatment Effects on Behaviour during A 4 H Post-Treatment Period
3.3. Residual Treatment Effects on Behaviour during the Night Period
4. Discussion
4.1. Treatment Period
4.2. Post-Treatment Period and the Night Period
4.3. Other Influences on Behaviour
4.4. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Artist | Name | Energy (0.0 to 1.0) | Tempo (beats/min) | Valence (0 to 1.0) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph Nagy | Album for the Young, Op. 68: No. 34, Theme in C Major | 0.00654 | 66.018 | 0.221 |
Joseph Nagy | Album for the Young, Op. 68: No. 38, Wintertime I in C Minor | 0.00918 | 67.839 | 0.336 |
Joseph Nagy | Scenes from Childhood, Op. 15: No. 1, Of Foreign Lands and Peoples in G Major | 0.00361 | 65.28 | 0.179 |
Joseph Nagy | Scenes from Childhood, Op. 15: No. 7, Dreaming in F Major | 0.00574 | 69.104 | 0.36 |
Joseph Nagy | Scenes from Childhood, Op. 15: No. 12, Child Falling Asleep in E Minor | 0.00635 | 64.76 | 0.197 |
Joseph Nagy | Scenes from Childhood, Op. 15: No. 16, The Poet Speaks in G Major | 0.00144 | 66.287 | 0.352 |
Felix Mendelssohn | Lieder ohne Worte, Op. 62: No. 1 in G Major | 0.0288 | 62.641 | 0.0805 |
Felix Mendelssohn | Lieder ohne Worte, Op. 30: No. 6 | 0.0151 | 66.15 | 0.233 |
Ludwig van Beethoven | Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-Sharp Minor, Op. 27 No. 2 “Moonlight Sonata”: I. Adagio sostenuto | 0.00198 | 65.771 | 0.272 |
Claude Debussy | Deux arabesques, L. 66: No. 1 in E Major, Andantino con moto | 0.00374 | 61.764 | 0.0872 |
Ludwig van Beethoven | Bagatelle No. 25 in A Minor, “Fur Elise” | 0.00759 | 67.039 | 0.315 |
Claude Debussy | Preludes, Premier livre, L. 117: No. 8, La fille aux cheveux de lin. | 0.00166 | 61.121 | 0.0594 |
Claude Debussy | Reverie, L. 68 | 0.0103 | 66.779 | 0.0429 |
Edvard Grieg | Lyric Pieces, Op. 68: No. 5, At the Cradle | 0.0292 | 67.436 | 0.138 |
Edvard Grieg | Lyric Pieces, Op. 71: No. 5, Halling | 0.0222 | 68.266 | 0.0515 |
Franz Liszt | Liebestraume, S. 541: No. 3 in A-Flat Major | 0.0245 | 59.104 | 0.0354 |
Francis Poulenc | Suite francaise d’apres Claude Gervaise, FP 80: No. 2, Pavane | 0.0095 | 68.753 | 0.133 |
Frederic Chopin | Etudes, Op. 10: No. 3 in E Major | 0.0469 | 68.178 | 0.0395 |
S. Sound Philharmonic Orchestra | Nocturne, in B-Flat Minor, Op. 9 No. 1 | 0.0383 | 66.839 | 0.0392 |
S. Sound Philharmonic Orchestra | Nocturne, in D-Flat Major, Op. 27 No. 2 | 0.0993 | 63.969 | 0.12 |
S. Sound Philharmonic Orchestra | Ballade, in G Minor, Op. 23 No. 1 | 0.0872 | 65.974 | 0.0388 |
S. Sound Philharmonic Orchestra | Mazurka, in A Minor, Op. 68 No. 2 | 0.0062 | 66.343 | 0.0381 |
Frederic Chopin | Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-Flat Minor, Op. 35: I. Grave. Doppio movimento | 0.0759 | 61.841 | 0.0511 |
S. Sound Philharmonic Orchestra | Waltz No. 3, in A Minor, Op. 34 No. 2 | 0.0483 | 66.775 | 0.0762 |
S. Sound Philharmonic Orchestra | Waltz, in C-Sharp Minor, Op. 64 No. 2 | 0.102 | 68.028 | 0.183 |
S. Sound Philharmonic Orchestra | Waltz, in A-Flat Major, Op. 69 No. 1 | 0.0381 | 58.053 | 0.101 |
Frederic Chopin | Barcarolle in F-Sharp Major, Op. 60 | 0.0409 | 57.066 | 0.0697 |
Claude Debussy | 12 Etudes, L. 136: No. 11 | 0.0307 | 65.458 | 0.0906 |
Claude Debussy | Estampes: No. 2. La soiree dans Grenade | 0.0524 | 64.25 | 0.0385 |
Study Zone | Music for Studying | 0.0487 | 61.996 | 0.286 |
Study Zone | Exam Music | 0.0398 | 62.95 | 0.24 |
Study Zone | Studying Music | 0.0562 | 65.294 | 0.246 |
Study Zone | Relaxation | 0.0951 | 69.955 | 0.162 |
Study Zone | Concentration | 0.0373 | 61.146 | 0.137 |
Study Zone | Relaxing Song | 0.054 | 68.886 | 0.12 |
Study Zone | Musica Relajante | 0.0514 | 61.952 | 0.0337 |
Study Zone | Relax | 0.104 | 67.924 | 0.149 |
Study Zone | Piano Relajante | 0.0358 | 64.547 | 0.139 |
Study Zone | Brain Power | 0.0306 | 59.82 | 0.113 |
Michael Nyman | The Scent Of Love | 0.0623 | 64.32 | 0.116 |
Michael Nyman | Deep Into The Forest | 0.15 | 67.692 | 0.113 |
Calm Children Collection | Lavender Hills | 0.141 | 61.522 | 0.154 |
Calm Children Collection | A Single Rose | 0.045 | 59.48 | 0.0338 |
Calm Children Collection | Quiet Moves | 0.0372 | 58.487 | 0.105 |
Calm Children Collection | Solitary Hill | 0.11 | 69.232 | 0.0714 |
Calm Children Collection | Wishing Well | 0.0896 | 56.726 | 0.153 |
Calm Children Collection | Light In the Window | 0.0885 | 62.246 | 0.0435 |
Calm Children Collection | Fly Away | 0.142 | 65.707 | 0.0546 |
Calm Children Collection | Morning Light | 0.129 | 49.689 | 0.091 |
James Williams | The Old Windmill | 0.0484 | 68.562 | 0.0688 |
Filip Lundqvist | Silent River | 0.0259 | 64.733 | 0.0895 |
Frederic Chopin | Nocturne en mi bemol majeur opus 9 n°2: Ballade en Sol Mineur No.1 | 0.0451 | 61.494 | 0.0651 |
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Behaviour | Description | Reference (If Available) |
---|---|---|
Pace repetitively | Dog repeatedly (>3 times) paces around kennel in a fixed route | [72] |
Circling | Dog repeatedly (>3 times) walks around in small circles | [72] |
Play bouncing | Dog repeatedly displays the play bow posture (>3 times) | [72] |
Lie down-head up | Dog is reclining in a ventral position with its head up | |
Sit | Hindquarters in contact with ground, front legs extended | [72] |
Stand | Positioned with four feet in contact with ground and legs almost or fully extended | [72] |
Walk | Forward movement with legs resulting in shift of whole body to a new position in enclosure | [46] |
Lie down-head down | Dog is reclining in a ventral or lateral position, with a relaxed neck and head down | |
Body shake | Dog shakes its whole body briefly as if drying itself | [72] |
Paw lift | A forepaw is lifted off the ground and held there | [72] |
Vocalisation | Sound emitted from the mouth, often repeated in quick succession | [46] |
Yawn | Mouth opens wide for a period of a few seconds, then closes | [46] |
Lick nose/lip | Tongue extends upwards to cover nose, before retracting into mouth | [46] |
Pant | Mouth open with tongue extended accompanied with rapid breathing | [46] |
Groom | Licking behaviours directed to own body | [72] |
Body scratch | Use hind leg to scratch other part of the body | |
Standing exit door | Standing on hind legs with front legs resting against the rear of the exit (at front of kennel) | [46] |
Bars/ wall pawing | Using paws to reach through bars/against wall in a digging motion | [46] |
Sniff ground | Walks with nose close to ground, presumed to be sniffing it | |
Object play | Any vigorous or galloping gaited behaviour directed towards a toy or other object, including chewing, biting, shaking it from side to side, batting it with a paw | [72] |
Drink | Imbibe water | |
Excretion | Urination or defecation | |
Tail medium/high | From −30° to +90° from horizontal | |
Tail low | From −30° to −90° from horizontal | |
Tail movement | Tail moving in any direction and speed | |
Tail still | Tail is not moving | |
Front of kennel | In front third of kennel | |
Crate | At least 50% of the dog in crate | |
Middle of kennel | In middle third of kennel | |
Back of kennel | In back third of kennel | |
Stand wall/bars | Standing on hind legs with front legs resting against wall/bars | |
Door scrabble | Use front legs to scrabble at door while standing on hind legs | |
Door pawing | Use front paw to hit door | |
Wall scrabble | Use front legs to scrabble at wall while standing on hind legs | |
Chew/play with bedding/bed | Chew or play with bedding or bed | [72] |
Chew bandana | Chew neck bandana | |
Chew monitor | Chew heart rate monitor attached to collar or monitor around chest | |
Chew milk crate/wires | Chew milk crate or diffuser wires | |
Roll on ground | Dog is upside down, rubbing its back against the ground | |
Spin | Dog makes circular movement around itself |
Behaviour | Lavender | Music | DAP | Control | SED | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity | |||||||
Lie down total, % of time | 52.6 a,b | 61.3 a,b | 61.7 a | 44.4 b | 4.64 | 3.29 | 0.03 |
Lie down-head down % of time | 38.7 a,b | 49.9 a | 43.6 a,b | 29.4 b | 4.72 | 4.46 | 0.008 |
Lie down-head up, √ % of time | 3.52 | 3.13 | 4.01 | 3.58 | 0.337 | 1.24 | 0.31 |
% of time | 12.4 | 9.79 | 16.1 | 12.8 | |||
Stand, % of time | 33.4 | 29.5 | 26.6 | 39.0 | 3.44 | 2.44 | 0.08 |
Walk, √ % of time | 2.31 | 2.00 | 2.04 | 2.67 | 0.189 | 2.37 | 0.09 |
% of time | 5.33 | 4.02 | 4.17 | 7.14 | |||
Standing exit door, √ % of time | 0.86 a,b | 0.55 b | 0.51 b | 1.67 a | 0.164 | 4.35 | 0.009 |
% of time | 0.74 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 2.79 | |||
Wall/door bounce, √ % of time 1 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.095 | 1.49 | 0.23 |
% of time 1 | 0.049 | 0.009 | 0.062 | 0.008 | |||
Sit, √ % of time | 1.90 | 1.16 | 1.65 | 1.39 | 0.316 | 0.81 | 0.49 |
% of time | 3.60 | 1.35 | 2.74 | 1.93 | |||
Vocalisation | |||||||
Vocalisation, √ % of time | 1.12 b | 1.30 b | 1.27 b | 2.42 a | 0.291 | 6.90 | 0.001 |
% of time | 1.26 | 1.70 | 1.61 | 5.87 | |||
Other behaviours | |||||||
Body shake, √ events per hour | 0.42 b | 0.30 b | 0.72 a | 0.33 b | 0.197 | 6.38 | 0.001 |
Events per hour | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.51 | 0.11 | |||
Sniff ground, √ % of time | 0.25 a,b | 0.09 b | 0.37 a | 0.27 a,b | 0.115 | 3.47 | 0.03 |
% of time | 0.061 | 0.007 | 0.13 | 0.071 | |||
Groom, √ % of time | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 0.199 | 1.65 | 0.19 |
% of time | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.18 | |||
Drink, √ % of time | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.138 | 1.45 | 0.24 |
% of time | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.30 | |||
Pant, √ % of time 1 | 0.48 b | 0.12 b | 0.36 b | 1.30 a | 0.267 | 7.26 | 0.001 |
% of time 1 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 1.69 | |||
Yawn, √ events per hour 1 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.321 | 0.75 | 0.53 |
Events per hour 1 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 1.04 | 1.14 | |||
Excretion, √ % of time 1 | 0.27 a,b | 0.08 b | 0.19 a,b | 0.30 a | 0.071 | 3.6 | 0.02 |
% of time 1 | 0.073 | 0.006 | 0.036 | 0.088 | |||
Object play, √ % of time 1 | 0.62 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 0.254 | 1.00 | 0.40 |
% of time 1 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 0.32 | |||
Tail position and movement | |||||||
Tail low, % of time | 58.2 | 70.3 | 60.0 | 61.3 | 4.15 | 1.62 | 0.20 |
Tail medium/high, √ % of time | 3.74 | 3.15 | 3.35 | 3.89 | 0.397 | 0.37 | 0.78 |
% of time | 14.0 | 9.93 | 11.2 | 15.1 | |||
Tail movement, % of time | 8.11 a,b | 5.30 b | 5.45 b | 10.10 a | 1.659 | 3.59 | 0.02 |
Tail still, % of time | 85.9 | 87.6 | 87.3 | 81.4 | 2.42 | 2.08 | 0.12 |
Location in kennel | |||||||
Front, √ % of time | 4.23 | 4.70 | 3.51 | 4.90 | 0.501 | 2.10 | 0.12 |
% of time | 17.9 | 22.1 | 12.3 | 24.0 | |||
Back, % of time | 39.1 | 38.1 | 36.0 | 35.2 | 5.78 | 0.15 | 0.93 |
Crate, √ % of time | 4.35 | 3.86 | 5.45 | 3.80 | 0.640 | 1.49 | 0.23 |
% of time | 18.9 | 14.9 | 29.7 | 14.5 | |||
Middle, √ % of time | 1.51 | 2.41 | 1.52 | 1.97 | 0.438 | 1.94 | 0.14 |
% of time | 2.27 | 5.81 | 2.32 | 3.87 |
Behaviour | Lavender | Music | DAP | Control | SED | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity | |||||||
Lie down total, % of time | 52.6 | 58.5 | 57.4 | 44.5 | 4.29 | 2.79 | 0.05 |
Lie down-head down, % of time | 42.2 | 45.3 | 42.3 | 35.7 | 4.35 | 1.98 | 0.13 |
Lie down-head up, √ % of time | 2.97 | 3.19 | 3.46 | 2.66 | 0.411 | 1.01 | 0.40 |
% of time | 8.84 | 10.2 | 11.9 | 7.05 | |||
Stand, % of time | 32.2 | 30.2 | 30.6 | 38.2 | 3.47 | 1.84 | 0.16 |
Walk, √ % of time | 2.44 | 2.37 | 2.35 | 2.83 | 0.198 | 1.00 | 0.40 |
% of time | 5.94 | 5.62 | 5.53 | 8.00 | |||
Standing exit door, √ % of time | 1.08 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 1.61 | 0.206 | 2.42 | 0.08 |
% of time | 1.16 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 2.60 | |||
Sit, √ % of time | 1.63 | 0.83 | 1.38 | 1.18 | 0.334 | 1.12 | 0.35 |
% of time | 2.67 | 0.68 | 1.92 | 1.40 | |||
Vocalisation | |||||||
Vocalisation, √ % of time | 1.52 b | 1.56 a,b | 1.40 b | 2.49 a | 0.312 | 3.89 | 0.02 |
% of time | 2.32 | 2.45 | 1.96 | 6.21 | |||
Other behaviours | |||||||
Body shake, events per hour1 | 1.25 | 0.96 | 1.25 | 1.52 | 0.549 | 0.33 | 0.80 |
Body scratch, √ % of time 1 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.088 | 1.53 | 0.22 |
% of time 1 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.075 | 0.019 | |||
Sniff ground, √ % of time 1 | 0.32 a,b | 0.16 b | 0.63 a | 0.50 a,b | 0.142 | 4.01 | 0.01 |
% of time 1 | 0.10 | 0.025 | 0.39 | 0.25 | |||
Groom, √ % of time 1 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.162 | 2.08 | 0.12 |
% of time 1 | 0.64 | 0.26 | 0.63 | 0.26 | |||
Drink, √ % of time | 0.42 a,b | 0.34 b | 0.50 a,b | 0.57 a | 0.163 | 2.86 | 0.05 |
% of time | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.32 | |||
Pant, √ % of time 1 | 0.82 b | 0.91 a,b | 1.31 a,b | 2.14 a | 0.477 | 3.13 | 0.04 |
% of time 1 | 0.68 | 0.84 | 1.71 | 4.58 | |||
Yawn, √ events per hour 1 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.235 | 0.54 | 0.66 |
Events per hour 1 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 0.14 | |||
Excretion √ % of time 1 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.098 | 0.16 | 0.92 |
% of time 1 | 0.045 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 0.074 | |||
Tail position and movement | |||||||
Tail low, % of time | 61.4 | 64.7 | 59.4 | 67.1 | 4.01 | 0.75 | 0.53 |
Tail medium/high, √ % of time | 3.79 | 3.60 | 3.99 | 4.07 | 0.389 | 0.13 | 0.94 |
% of time | 14.4 | 13.0 | 15.9 | 16.5 | |||
Tail movement, √ % of time | 2.54 | 2.09 | 2.32 | 2.97 | 0.359 | 1.65 | 0.19 |
% of time | 6.44 | 4.36 | 5.38 | 8.81 | |||
Tail still % of time | 86.7 | 86.5 | 86.5 | 85.9 | 3.46 | 0.03 | 0.99 |
Location in kennel | |||||||
Front, √ % of time | 4.61 | 4.77 | 4.05 | 4.49 | 0.432 | 0.84 | 0.48 |
% of time | 21.3 | 22.8 | 16.4 | 20.1 | |||
Back, √ % of time | 4.72 | 5.02 | 5.07 | 4.84 | 0.463 | 0.18 | 0.91 |
% of time | 22.2 | 25.2 | 25.8 | 23.4 | |||
Crate, % of time | 38.1 | 32.0 | 40.5 | 35.0 | 5.70 | 0.56 | 0.65 |
Middle, √ % of time | 1.12 | 1.74 | 1.41 | 1.53 | 0.426 | 0.99 | 0.41 |
% of time | 1.25 | 3.02 | 1.99 | 2.34 |
Behaviour | Lavender | Music | DAP | Control | SED | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity | |||||||
Lie down total, % of time | 82.9 | 83.7 | 82.0 | 80.0 | 2.74 | 1.06 | 0.38 |
Lie down-head down, % of time | 78.3 | 79.5 | 73.7 | 76.4 | 3.15 | 1.76 | 0.17 |
Lie down-head up, √ % of time | 1.92 | 1.70 | 2.41 | 1.63 | 0.336 | 2.23 | 0.10 |
% of time | 3.70 | 2.88 | 5.81 | 2.65 | |||
Stand, √ % of time | 2.81 | 2.99 | 3.10 | 3.24 | 0.344 | 1.07 | 0.37 |
% of time | 7.89 | 8.91 | 9.63 | 10.5 | |||
Walk, √ % of time | 1.29 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.41 | 0.163 | 0.39 | 0.76 |
% of time | 1.67 | 1.54 | 1.61 | 1.99 | |||
Standing exit door, √ % of time | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.79 | 0.166 | 1.41 | 0.25 |
% of time | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.62 | |||
Sit, √ % of time | 1.63 | 0.90 | 1.53 | 1.31 | 0.296 | 1.91 | 0.14 |
% of time | 2.65 | 0.81 | 2.33 | 1.71 | |||
Vocalisation | |||||||
Vocalisation, √ % of time | 1.03 | 1.24 | 1.50 | 1.90 | 0.281 | 2.7 | 0.06 |
% of time | 1.06 | 1.53 | 2.24 | 3.61 | |||
Other behaviours | |||||||
Body shake, √ events per hour 1 | 1.40 | 1.28 | 1.73 | 1.31 | 0.230 | 1.55 | 0.22 |
Events per hour 1 | 1.97 | 1.65 | 2.98 | 1.71 | |||
Sniff ground, √ % of time 1 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.097 | 0.44 | 0.73 |
% of time 1 | 0.057 | 0.030 | 0.075 | 0.073 | |||
Groom, √ % of time | 1.07 a | 0.61 b | 1.01 a,b | 0.66 a,b | 0.297 | 4.01 | 0.01 |
% of time | 1.14 | 0.37 | 1.03 | 0.43 | |||
Excretion, √ % of time 1 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.103 | 0.12 | 0.95 |
% of time 1 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.07 | |||
Object play, √ % of time 1 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.138 | 2.14 | 0.11 |
% of time 1 | 0.07 | 0.003 | 0.16 | 0.04 | |||
Tail position and movement | |||||||
Tail low, % of time | 83.4 | 85.6 | 80.0 | 83.9 | 2.84 | 1.91 | 0.14 |
Tail medium/high, √ % of time | 2.06 | 2.24 | 2.34 | 2.47 | 0.371 | 0.38 | 0.77 |
% of time | 4.22 | 5.02 | 5.49 | 6.10 | |||
Tail movement, √ % of time | 1.30 | 1.38 | 1.58 | 1.64 | 0.293 | 0.69 | 0.56 |
% of time | 1.68 | 1.90 | 2.48 | 2.67 | |||
Tail still, % of time | 94.3 | 93.7 | 91.8 | 93.6 | 1.68 | 0.93 | 0.44 |
Location in kennel | |||||||
Front, √ % of time 1 | 3.06 | 3.15 | 2.64 | 2.36 | 0.507 | 1.02 | 0.39 |
% of time 1 | 9.36 | 9.91 | 6.96 | 5.59 | |||
Back, √ % of time | 3.28 | 3.07 | 3.69 | 3.40 | 0.487 | 0.42 | 0.74 |
% of time | 10.7 | 9.41 | 13.6 | 11.5 | |||
Crate, % of time 1 | 63.0 | 70.0 | 67.3 | 74.1 | 8.16 | 0.66 | 0.58 |
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Amaya, V.; Paterson, M.B.A.; Phillips, C.J.C. Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs. Animals 2020, 10, 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040581
Amaya V, Paterson MBA, Phillips CJC. Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs. Animals. 2020; 10(4):581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040581
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmaya, Veronica, Mandy B.A. Paterson, and Clive J.C. Phillips. 2020. "Effects of Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs" Animals 10, no. 4: 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040581