Impacts of Dietary Protein and Prebiotic Inclusion on Liver and Spleen Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Caged Layers
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Live Animal Study
2.2. Tissue Collection and Storage
2.3. Genes for Targeted Differential Expression
2.4. RNA Extraction, Quality Analysis, and Reverse Transcription
2.5. Primer Design and Testing
2.6. Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | 47–55 Weeks of Age | 55–62 Weeks of Age | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SBM% | CSM% | SBM% | CSM% | |
Corn | 64.17 | 42.22 | 65.67 | 51.19 |
Dehulled Soybean Meal | 21.17 | 0 | 19.56 | 0 |
Cottonseed Meal | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 |
Corn Gluten Meal | 0.38 | 1.66 | 0.29 | 1.14 |
Dried Distiller Grains | 0 | 15 | 0 | 15 |
Wheat Middlings | 0 | 8.31 | 0 | 1.08 |
DL-Methionine 98% | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
L-Threonine 98% | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 |
Lysine HCL | 0 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.43 |
AV 4 Fat Blend | 2.12 | 5 | 1.27 | 2.74 |
Limestone | 9.91 | 10.1 | 11 | 11.1 |
Dicalcium Phosphate | 1.42 | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.44 |
Salt | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.04 |
Sodium Bicarbonate | 0 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.37 |
Trace Minerals 1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Vitamins 2 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Calculated Nutrient Composition (%) | ||||
ME (kcal/kg) | 2867 | 2867 | 2800 | 2800 |
Crude Protein | 16.75 | 16.75 | 16 | 16 |
Crude Fat | 3.95 | 7.66 | 3.13 | 5.4 |
Crude Fiber | 1.75 | 4.47 | 1.71 | 4.05 |
Calcium | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
Phosphorous | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.73 |
AV Phosphate | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
AV Methionine 3 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
AV Lysine 3 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
AV TSAA 3 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
Gene Name | Abbreviation | Function |
---|---|---|
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor | AHR (R) | Cell-cycle regulation and tissue development |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase | GAPDH (R) | Glycolysis, RNA transport, and DNA replication |
BCL2 Agonist/Killer | BAK | Apoptosis regulation, mitochondria energy metabolism regulation |
BCL2 Interacting Killer | BIK | Programmed cell death accelerator via apoptosis |
B-Cell Lymphoma 2 Apoptosis Regulator | BCL2 | Apoptosis suppressor, cell death regulator |
Myeloid Leukemia Apoptosis Regulator | MCL1 | Anti-apoptotic protein, cell viability maintenance |
Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein | NLRP3 | Innate immunity |
P450 Oxidoreductase | POR | Oxidative metabolism of steroids, and carcinogens |
Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 | CYP1A1 | NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway |
Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 2 | CYP1A2 | Xenobiotic metabolism, carcinogenic aromatic |
Cytochrome P450 2C23A | CYP2C23A | Xenobiotic and drug metabolism |
Cytochrome P450 3A4 | CYP3A4 | Monooxygenase |
Gene | Primer Sequence 5′–3′ | |
---|---|---|
BAK | Forward Primer | ACGAGAGATCAATGCAGAGGAC |
Reverse Primer | ACTCGTAGGCGTTCTCCTTG | |
BIK | Forward Primer | TCTCCAGATACCCCAACGGA |
Reverse Primer | ACTGATAGCAACCCTGCGTG | |
BCL2 | Forward Primer | GGATGGGATGCCTTTGTGGAA |
Reverse Primer | TTAGCCAGGAAGTTGTTTTGCTC | |
MCL1 | Forward Primer | GAGGCTGGGAGGGCTTTGTT |
Reverse Primer | GGTGACTCAAGTCTGGCTGT | |
NLRP3 | Forward Primer | GTCACTAAACCTGGTGGGGC |
Reverse Primer | CCTGCGCTCTCCTGATCCAT | |
POR | Forward Primer | ACAAGGGAAGTGAGTGGAGTT |
Reverse Primer | ACTATGTTTCGGCCCGTCTT | |
CYP1A1 | Forward Primer | GCAGCACCCAAAGGTTCACT |
Reverse Primer | ATGGTCACCTCCATCACGTC | |
CYP1A2 | Forward Primer | ACACCACGCTTCCCCTTAGT |
Reverse Primer | TCCATCACGTCCCCGTATTT | |
CYP2C23A | Forward Primer | CCTTCAGTGGGAGAGGAATACTG |
Reverse Primer | TGAAAGGTTCCTCGTGTGTCTT | |
CYP3A4 | Forward Primer | ACACCACGCTTCCCCTTAGT |
Reverse Primer | TCCATCACGTCCCCGTATTT | |
AHR | Forward Primer | GTGCAGAAAATAGTAAAGCCATCT |
Reverse Primer | CCCTCTCCAAGTTTTGCTGT | |
GAPDH | Forward Primer | TCGGAGTCAACGGATTTGGC |
Reverse Primer | GCCCATTTGATGTTGCTGGG |
Tissue | Gene | SBM vs. CSM | YCW vs. No Add | Interaction | Significant Post-hoc Tests | Post-hoc N.S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | BAK | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.01 | 5 out of 6 | SBM v.s CSM |
CYP1A2 | <0.05 | n.s | <0.01 | 1 out of 6 | SBM vs CSM, CSM + YCW vs. CSM, SBM + YCW vs. SBM, CSM + YCW vs. SBM, SBM vs. SBM + YCW | |
CYP2C23A | n.s | <0.001 | <0.001 | 6 out of 6 | All pairs different | |
CYP3A4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3 out of 6 | SBM vs. CSM, CSM vs. CSM + YCW, CSM + YCW vs. SBM | |
MCL1 | <0.001 | <0.01 | n.s | 3 out of 6 | SBM vs. CSM, CSM vs. CSM + YCW, CSM + YCW vs. SBM | |
BCL2 | n.s | n.s | n.s | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different | |
BIK | <0.05 | n.s | n.s | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different | |
CYP1A1 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.05 | 3 out of 6 | SBM vs. CSM, SBM + YCW vs. CSM, SBM + YCW vs. SBM | |
POR | n.s | n.s | n.s | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different | |
Tissue | Gene | SBM vs. CSM | YCW vs. No Add | Interaction | Significant Post-hoc Tests | Post-hoc N.S |
Spleen | BAK | n.s | n.s | n.s | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different |
CYP1A2 | n.s | n.s | <0.01 | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different | |
CYP2C23A | n.s | <0.05 | n.s | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different | |
CYP3A4 | n.s | n.s | n.s | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different | |
MCL1 | n.s | n.s | n.s | 0 out of 6 | All pairs not different | |
BCL2 | <0.01 | <0.05 | <0.001 | 3 out of 6 | SBM vs CSM, SMB + YCW vs. CSM, SBM + YCW vs. SBM | |
BIK | <0.001 | n.s | <0.01 | 3 out of 6 | SBM vs. CSM, CSM + YCW vs. CSM, SMB + YCW vs. SBM | |
CYP1A1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
POR | n.s | n.s | <0.001 | 2 out of 6 | SBM vs. CSM, SMB + YCW vs. CSM, CSM + YCW vs. SBM, SBM + YCW vs. SBM |
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Al-Ajeeli, M.N.; Hubert, S.M.; Leyva-Jimenez, H.; Hashim, M.M.; Abdaljaleel, R.A.; Alsadwi, A.M.; Athrey, G.; Bailey, C.A. Impacts of Dietary Protein and Prebiotic Inclusion on Liver and Spleen Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Caged Layers. Animals 2020, 10, 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030453
Al-Ajeeli MN, Hubert SM, Leyva-Jimenez H, Hashim MM, Abdaljaleel RA, Alsadwi AM, Athrey G, Bailey CA. Impacts of Dietary Protein and Prebiotic Inclusion on Liver and Spleen Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Caged Layers. Animals. 2020; 10(3):453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030453
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Ajeeli, Morouj N., Shawna M. Hubert, Hector Leyva-Jimenez, Mohammed M. Hashim, Raghad A. Abdaljaleel, Akhil M. Alsadwi, Giridhar Athrey, and Christopher A. Bailey. 2020. "Impacts of Dietary Protein and Prebiotic Inclusion on Liver and Spleen Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Caged Layers" Animals 10, no. 3: 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030453
APA StyleAl-Ajeeli, M. N., Hubert, S. M., Leyva-Jimenez, H., Hashim, M. M., Abdaljaleel, R. A., Alsadwi, A. M., Athrey, G., & Bailey, C. A. (2020). Impacts of Dietary Protein and Prebiotic Inclusion on Liver and Spleen Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Caged Layers. Animals, 10(3), 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030453