Intestinal Health and Threonine Requirement of Growing Pigs Fed Diets Containing High Dietary Fibre and Fermentable Protein
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Animals, Housing, Diets, and Experimental Design
2.3. Nitrogen-Balance, Blood, Digesta, and Tissue Sampling
2.4. Feed and Fecal Analysis
2.5. Serum and Digesta Analysis
2.6. Gene Expression Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Protein Deposition and Threonine Requirement
3.2. Digesta Ammonia, SCFA, BCFA and Serum Antioxidant Capacity
3.3. Gene Expression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient (%) | Low Fibre | High Fibre | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
LfCP | HfCP | LfCP | HfCP | |
Corn | 43.96 | 34.31 | 26.63 | 20.52 |
Wheat | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 |
Canola oil | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.40 | 4.50 |
Soybean meal | 10.00 | - | 10.00 | - |
Soybean meal (autoclaved) 2 | - | 20.00 | - | 16.00 |
Wheat bran | - | - | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Sugar beet pulp | - | - | 10.00 | 10.00 |
L-Lysine-HCl, 78.8% | 0.87 | 0.59 | 0.85 | 0.69 |
DL-Methionine | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
L-Threonine, 98.5% | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.06 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
L-Isoleucine | 0.15 | - | 0.15 | 0.06 |
L-Leucine | 0.16 | - | 0.25 | 0.10 |
L-Valine | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.13 |
L-Histidine | 0.07 | - | 0.08 | 0.03 |
L-Phenylalanine | 0.11 | - | 0.13 | 0.02 |
Limestone | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.00 |
Salt | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Vitamin-mineral premix 3 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Celite | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Calculated nutrient content 4 | ||||
DM (%) | 88.3 | 87.4 | 86.0 | 85.0 |
CP (%) | 15.8 | 18.8 | 16.1 | 17.8 |
Fermentable CP 5 (%) | 2.04 | 2.79 | 2.38 | 3.33 |
ME (kcal/kg) | 3286 | 3311 | 3303 | 3343 |
NE (kcal/kg) | 2520 | 2500 | 2500 | 2513 |
Ca (%) | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.69 |
P (%) | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.60 |
SID Ile (%) | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.61 |
SID Leu (%) | 1.17 | 1.25 | 1.17 | 1.17 |
SID Lys (%) | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 |
SID Met (%) | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
SID Cys (%) | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.26 |
SID Phe (%) | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.69 | 0.69 |
SID Thr (%) | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 |
SID Trp (%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
SID Val (%) | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
SID Thr: | LfCP | HfCP | SEM | p-value | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.52 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.82 | Fibre | Thr | fCP | Fib × fCP | Thr × fCP | ||
Nitrogen intake (g/d) | ||||||||||||||||
LF | 35.4 | 34.1 | 34.5 | 35.8 | 36.1 | 41.1 | 45.0 | 41.2 | 41.5 | 41.5 | 1.09 | 0.031 | 0.025 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.043 |
HF | 37.7 | 38.2 | 37.8 | 37.3 | 39.1 | 39.6 | 41.2 | 41.4 | 38.7 | 43.4 | ||||||
Urinary nitrogen output (g/d) | ||||||||||||||||
LF | 3.94 | 2.77 | 3.86 | 4.08 | 3.13 | 6.61 | 5.50 | 4.99 | 5.97 | 5.27 | 0.65 | <0.001 | 0.082 | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.699 |
HF | 3.21 | 2.24 | 2.65 | 2.42 | 3.12 | 3.61 | 3.01 | 3.26 | 4.29 | 3.92 | ||||||
Fecal nitrogen output (g/d) | ||||||||||||||||
LF | 6.93 | 6.47 | 5.75 | 7.21 | 7.86 | 8.53 | 8.57 | 7.78 | 8.11 | 8.41 | 0.54 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.027 | 0.334 |
HF | 8.28 | 9.72 | 8.18 | 8.62 | 9.24 | 9.92 | 9.20 | 8.91 | 9.02 | 10.01 | ||||||
ATTD of nitrogen (%) | ||||||||||||||||
LF | 80.1 | 81.1 | 83.5 | 79.9 | 78.1 | 79.1 | 80.9 | 81.1 | 80.5 | 79.7 | 1.23 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.235 | 0.175 | 0.081 |
HF | 78.0 | 74.6 | 78.3 | 76.9 | 76.3 | 75.0 | 77.6 | 78.5 | 76.7 | 76.9 | ||||||
Nitrogen retained (g/d) | ||||||||||||||||
LF | 24.5 | 24.9 | 24.9 | 24.5 | 24.9 | 25.9 | 30.9 | 28.4 | 27.4 | 24.8 | 1.16 | 0.083 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.019 | 0.028 |
HF | 26.2 | 26.2 | 26.9 | 26.3 | 26.7 | 26.1 | 28.9 | 29.3 | 25.4 | 29.5 | ||||||
Protein deposition (g/d) 3 | ||||||||||||||||
LF | 153.3 | 155.4 | 155.6 | 153.2 | 156.1 | 161.9 | 193.1 | 177.4 | 171.4 | 173.7 | 7.28 | 0.083 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.019 | 0.028 |
HF | 164.1 | 163.7 | 168.4 | 164.3 | 166.7 | 162.8 | 181.1 | 182.8 | 158.6 | 184.2 |
Item | Standardized Ileal Digestible Threonine, % | SEM | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.52 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.82 | ||||||
LfCP | HfCP | Fibre | Thr | fCP | Fibre × Thr | ||||||
Acetic acid, μmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 63.86 | 59.81 | 50.21 | 79.98 | 75.89 | 53.87 | 8.36 | 0.410 | 0.332 | 0.079 | 0.109 |
High fibre | 62.33 | 49.81 | 59.79 | 58.44 | 63.78 | 65.53 | |||||
Propionic acid, μmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 27.16 | 26.26 | 22.33 | 25.26 | 24.77 | 21.44 | 4.21 | 0.117 | 0.928 | 0.158 | 0.456 |
High fibre | 29.48 | 30.28 | 33.73 | 24.17 | 26.75 | 25.99 | |||||
Isobutyrate, μmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.55 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.044 | 0.562 | 0.245 | 0.071 |
High fibre | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.15 | |||||
Butyric acid, μmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 11.91 | 9.22 | 7.32 | 10.29 | 13.12 | 8.35 | 1.74 | 0.515 | 0.909 | 0.576 | 0.028 |
High fibre | 10.45 | 9.79 | 11.80 | 8.62 | 10.48 | 13.02 | |||||
Isovalerate, μmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.69 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.069 | 0.493 | 0.407 | 0.006 |
High fibre | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.31 | |||||
Valeric acid, μmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 1.86 | 1.53 | 1.44 | 2.55 | 1.98 | 1.14 | 0.86 | 0.135 | 0.978 | 0.624 | 0.360 |
High fibre | 1.77 | 4.03 | 2.86 | 2.28 | 1.23 | 2.84 | |||||
Total SCFA, µmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 104.92 | 97.08 | 81.35 | 118.16 | 116.18 | 85.05 | 11.57 | 0.087 | 0.481 | 0.425 | 0.525 |
High fibre | 104.14 | 95.03 | 108.66 | 93.83 | 102.56 | 107.57 | |||||
Total BCFA, µmol/g | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 43.67 | 42.25 | 41.60 | 52.55 | 49.96 | 44.83 | 3.56 | 0.049 | 0.654 | 0.031 | 0.229 |
High fibre | 43.35 | 38.59 | 41.50 | 40.81 | 41.26 | 46.64 | |||||
Ammonia, mg/dL | |||||||||||
Low fibre | 6.97 | 5.03 | 8.85 | 10.31 | 10.01 | 7.71 | 1.33 | <0.001 | 0.283 | 0.005 | 0.855 |
High fibre | 2.94 | 1.52 | 1.88 | 3.68 | 2.44 | 5.48 |
Item | Standardized Ileal Digestible Threonine, % | SEM | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.52 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.82 | |||||
LfCP | HfCP | Fib | Thr | fCP | ||||||
Acetic acid, μmol/g | ||||||||||
Low fibre | 45.67 | 51.93 | 44.51 | 38.59 | 47.83 | 37.97 | 7.03 | 0.104 | 0.484 | 0.303 |
High fibre | 50.63 | 50.47 | 55.76 | 55.21 | 53.06 | 41.24 | ||||
Propionic acid, μmol/g | ||||||||||
Low fibre | 18.73 | 19.24 | 13.88 | 14.30 | 15.06 | 13.82 | 2.65 | 0.913 | 0.143 | 0.043 |
High fibre | 16.84 | 19.13 | 16.19 | 13.34 | 17.00 | 11.51 | ||||
Isobutyrate, μmol/g | ||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.62 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.58 | 0.13 | 0.015 | 0.338 | 0.926 |
High fibre | 0.39 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.43 | 0.74 | ||||
Butyric acid, μmol/g | ||||||||||
Low fibre | 9.07 | 9.12 | 10.68 | 7.84 | 8.81 | 7.5 | 1.59 | 0.846 | 0.996 | 0.216 |
High fibre | 10.42 | 8.22 | 9.46 | 8.22 | 9.49 | 8.27 | ||||
Isovalerate, μmol/g | ||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.81 | 1.06 | 1.31 | 1.02 | 1.13 | 0.72 | 0.18 | 0.011 | 0.554 | 0.974 |
High fibre | 0.52 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.56 | 0.96 | ||||
Valeric acid, μmol/g | ||||||||||
Low fibre | 2.65 | 2.34 | 2.21 | 1.9 | 1.75 | 1.41 | 0.43 | 0.063 | 0.777 | 0.062 |
High fibre | 1.24 | 2.18 | 1.64 | 1.49 | 1.35 | 1.52 | ||||
Ammonia, mg/dL | ||||||||||
Low fibre | 11.68 | 11.78 | 11.08 | 15.42 | 15.72 | 13.73 | 1.93 | 0.002 | 0.492 | 0.016 |
High fibre | 10.02 | 7.50 | 5.66 | 10.46 | 8.06 | 10.77 |
SID Thr: | LfCP | HfCP | SEM | p-Value | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.52 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.82 | Fibre | Thr | fCP | ||
Low fibre | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.366 | 0.025 | 0.960 |
High fibre | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
SID Thr: | LfCP | HfCP | SEM | p-Value | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.52 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.82 | Fibre | Thr | fCP | Fib × Thr | Fib × fCP | Thr × fCP | Fib × fCP × Thr | ||
MUC2 | ||||||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.33 b | 0.51 ab | 0.49 ab | 0.54 ab | 0.39 b | 0.29 b | 0.08 | 0.196 | 0.349 | 0.001 | 0.260 | 0.015 | 0.662 | 0.001 |
High fibre | 0.86 a | 0.44 b | 0.52 ab | 0.30 b | 0.37 b | 0.34 b | ||||||||
MUC5ac | ||||||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.008 | 0.705 | 0.556 | 0.225 | 0.214 | 0.317 | 0.537 |
High fibre | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.28 | ||||||||
IL-10 | ||||||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.26 b | 0.19 b | 0.21 b | 0.23 b | 0.17 b | 0.16 b | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.013 | 0.098 | 0.086 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
High fibre | 0.73 a | 0.21 b | 0.31 b | 0.23 b | 0.23 b | 0.32 b | ||||||||
IL-1β | ||||||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.003 | 0.020 | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.037 | 0.164 |
High fibre | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.62 | 0.12 | ||||||||
ZO-1 | ||||||||||||||
Low fibre | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.022 | 0.199 | 0.915 | 0.002 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.264 |
High fibre | 0.55 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.32 |
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Wellington, M.O.; Thiessen, R.B.; Van Kessel, A.G.; Columbus, D.A. Intestinal Health and Threonine Requirement of Growing Pigs Fed Diets Containing High Dietary Fibre and Fermentable Protein. Animals 2020, 10, 2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112055
Wellington MO, Thiessen RB, Van Kessel AG, Columbus DA. Intestinal Health and Threonine Requirement of Growing Pigs Fed Diets Containing High Dietary Fibre and Fermentable Protein. Animals. 2020; 10(11):2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112055
Chicago/Turabian StyleWellington, Michael O., Rochelle B. Thiessen, Andrew G. Van Kessel, and Daniel A. Columbus. 2020. "Intestinal Health and Threonine Requirement of Growing Pigs Fed Diets Containing High Dietary Fibre and Fermentable Protein" Animals 10, no. 11: 2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112055
APA StyleWellington, M. O., Thiessen, R. B., Van Kessel, A. G., & Columbus, D. A. (2020). Intestinal Health and Threonine Requirement of Growing Pigs Fed Diets Containing High Dietary Fibre and Fermentable Protein. Animals, 10(11), 2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112055