The Effects of Frequency and Duration of Handling on the Development of Feline Upper Respiratory Infections in a Shelter Setting
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Shelter
2.2. Animals
2.3. Monitoring
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Shelter Floorplan
Appendix A.2. Biosecurity
Appendix A.3. Vaccination/Deworming Protocol
Vaccine Protocol
Appendix A.4. Deworming Protocol:
Appendix A.5. Feeding Protocol
- Doxycycline, Pfizer, New York, NY, USA.
- STATA 14, StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA.
- Rescue Disinfectant, American Health Packaging, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Pyrantel pamoate suspension, Columbia Laboratories, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Ponazuril, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
References
- Levine, S. A definition of stress? In Animal Stress, 1st ed.; Moberg, G.P., Ed.; American Physiological Society: New York, NY, USA, 1985; pp. 51–69. [Google Scholar]
- Landsberg, G. Feline behavior and welfare. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1996, 208, 502–505. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kry, K.; Casey, R. The effect of hiding enrichment on stress levels and behaviour of domestic cats (Felis sylvestris catus) in a shelter setting and the implications for adoption potential. Anim. Welf. 2007, 16, 375–383. [Google Scholar]
- Kessler, M.R.; Turner, D.C. Effects of density and cage size on stress in domestic cats (Felis silvestrus catus) housed in animal shelters and boarding catteries. Anim. Welf. 1999, 8, 259–267. [Google Scholar]
- Rochlitz, I.; Podberscek, A.L.; Broom, D.M. Welfare of cats in quarantine cattery. Vet. Rec. 1998, 143, 35–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCobb, E.C.; Patronek, G.J.; Marder, A.; Dinnage, J.D.; Stone, M.S. Assessment of stress levels among cats in four animal shelters. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2005, 226, 548–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCune, S. Caged cats: Avoiding problems and providing solutions. CABTSG Newsl. 1994, 7, 33–40. [Google Scholar]
- Dybdall, K.; Strasser, R.; Katz, T. Behavioral differences between owner surrender and stray domestic cats after entering an animal shelter. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2007, 104, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gourkow, N.; LaVoy, A.; Dean, G.A.; Phillips, C.J.C. Associations of behaviour with secretory immunoglobulin A and cortisol in domestic cats during their first week in an animal shelter. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2014, 150, 55–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kojima, K.; Mohamed, S.; Fujimaru, Y.; Mori, Y.; Kaname, H.; Sumida, Y.; Kinukawa, N.; Tashiro, N. Effects of both the emotional behavior and feeding conditions on the circulating plasma volume and plasma glucose levels in cats. Auton. Neurosci. 2000, 86, 58–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mori, Y.; Ma, J.; Tanaka, S.; Kojima, K.; Mizobe, K.; Kubo, C.; Tashiro, N. Hypothalamically induced emotional behavior and immunological changes in the cat. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2001, 55, 325–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaname, H.; Mori, Y.; Sumida, Y.; Kojima, K.; Kubo, C.; Tashiro, N. Changes in the leukocyte distribution and surface expression of adhesion molecules induced by hypothalamic stimulation in the cat. Brain Behav. Immun. 2002, 16, 351–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stokes, C.; Waly, N. Mucosal defence along the gastrointestinal tract of cats and dogs. Vet. Res. 2006, 37, 281–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rodriguez, C.; Blanch, F.; Romano, V.; Saborido, N.; Rodenas, J.; Polo, J. Porcine immunoglobulins survival in the intestinal tract of adult dogs and cats fed dry food kibbles containing spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) or porcine immunoglobulin concentrate (PIC). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 139, 201–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harley, R.; Gruffydd-Jones, T.J.; Day, M.J. Determination of salivary and serum immunoglobulin concentrations in the cat. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1998, 65, 99–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berteselli, G.; Servida, F.; Doll’Ara, P.; Verga, M.; Piola, E.; Puricelli, M.; Palestrini, C. Evaluation of immunological, stress and behavioural parameters in dogs (Canis familiaris) with anxietyrelated disorders. In Current Issues and Research in Veterinary Behavioral Medicine, 1st ed.; Mills, D., Levine, E., Ladsberg, G., Horwitz, A.E., Duxbury, A.E., Eds.; Purdue Press: Indiana, IL, USA, 2005; pp. 18–22. [Google Scholar]
- Gaskell, R.; Dawson, S.; Radford, A.D.; Thiry, E. Review article Feline herpesvirus. Vet. Res. 2007, 38, 337–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodan, I. Understanding Feline Behavior and Application for Appropriate Handling and Management. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 2010, 25, 178–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gourkow, N.; Hamon, S.C.; Phillips, C.J.C. Effect of gentle stroking and vocalization on behaviour, mucosal immunity and upper respiratory disease in anxious shelter cats. Prev. Vet. Med. 2014, 117, 266–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McCune, S. The impact of paternity and early socialisation on the development of cats’ behaviour to people and novel objects. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1995, 45, 109–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reisner, I.R.; Houpt, K.A.; Erb, H.N.; Quimby, F.W. Friendliness to humans and defensive aggression in cats: The influence of handling and paternity. Physiol. Behav. 1994, 55, 1119–1124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Overall, K.L. Normal Feline Behavior. In Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Small Animals, 1st ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, MO, USA, 1997; pp. 45–76. [Google Scholar]
- Robertson, S.A.; Lascelles, B.; Duncan, X. Long-term pain in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2010, 12, 188–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slingerland, L.I.; Robben, J.H.; Schaafsma, I.; Kooistra, H.S. Response of cats to familiar and unfamiliar human contact using continuousdirect arterial blood pressure measurement. Res. Vet. Sci. 2008, 85, 575–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gourkow, N.; Fraser, D. The effect of housing and handling practices on the welfare, behavior, and selection of domestic cats (Felis silvestrus catus) by adopters in an animal shelter. Anim. Welf. 2006, 15, 371–377. [Google Scholar]
- Edinboro, C.H.; Janowitz, L.K.; Guptill-Yoran, L.; Glickman, L.T. A clin-ical trial of intranasal and subcutaneous vaccines to prevent upper respiratory infection in cats at an animal shelter. Feline Pract. 1999, 27, 7–11. [Google Scholar]
- Gourkow, N.; Lawson, J.H.; Hamon, S.C.; Phillips, C.J.C. Descriptive epidemiology of upper respiratory disease and associated risk factors in cats in an animal shelter in coastal western Canada. Can. Vet. J. 2013, 54, 132–138. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Pedersen, N.; Sato, R.; Foley, J.; Poland, A. Common virus infections in cats before and after being placed in shelters with emphasis on feline enteric coronavirus. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2004, 6, 83–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kurosawa, M.; Lundeberg, T.; Ågren, G.; Lund, I.; Uvnäs-Moberg, K. Massage-like stroking of the abdomen lowers blood pressure in anesthetized rats: Influence of oxytocin. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1995, 56, 26–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odendaal, J.S.J.; Meintjes, R.A. Neurophysiological correlates of affiliative behaviour between humans and dogs. Vet. J. 2003, 165, 296–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Handlin, L.; Nilsson, A.; Ejdebäck, M.; Hydbring-Sandberg, E.; Uvnäs-Moberg, K. Associations between the psychological characteristics of the human-dog relationship and oxytocin and cortisol levels. Anthrozoos 2012, 25, 215–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uvnäs-Moberg, K.; Bruzelius, G.; Alster, P.; Bileviciute, I.; Lundberg, T. Oxytocin increases and a specific oxytocin antagonist decreases pain threshold in male rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1992, 144, 487–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uvnäs-Moberg, K.; Ahlenius, S.; Hillegaart, V.; Alster, P. High doses of oxytocin cause sedation and low doses cause an anxiolytic-like effect in male rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1994, 49, 101–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.; Carter, S.; Marucha, P.T.; Engeland, C.G. Oxytocin speeds wound healing in stressed mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 2010, 24, S38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edwards, D.S.; Coyne, K.; Dawson, S.; Gaskell, R.M.; Henley, W.E.; Rogers, K.; Wood, J.L.N. Risk factors for time to diagnosis of feline upper respiratory tract disease in UK animal adoption shelters. Prev. Vet. Med. 2008, 87, 327–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bannasch, M.J.; Foley, J.E. Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats in animal shelters. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2004, 7, 109–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaskell, R.; Povey, R. Experimental induction of feline viral rhinotracheitis virus re-excretion in FVR-recovered cats. Vet. Rec. 1977, 100, 128–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Binns, S.H.; Dawson, S.; Speakman, A.J.; Cuevas, L.E.; Gaskell, C.J.; Hart, C.A.; Morgan, K.L.; Gaskell, R.M. Prevalence and risk factors for feline Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Vet. Rec. 1999, 144, 575–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Binns, S.H.; Dawson, S.; Speakman, A.J.; Cuevas, L.E.; Hart, C.A.; Gaskell, C.J.; Morgan, K.L.; Gaskell, R.M. A study of feline upper respiratory tract disease with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection with feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2000, 2, 123–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagner, D.C.; Kass, P.H.; Hurley, K.F. Cage size, movement in and out of housing during daily care, and other environmental and population health risk factors for feline upper respiratory disease in nine North American animal shelters. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0190140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Factor | Hazard Ratio | Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 0.60 | 0.27–1.34 | 0.22 |
Age (months) | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.36 |
Altered status | 0.44 | 0.13–1.50 | 0.19 |
Handler | 0.78 | 0.48–1.07 | 0.102 |
Average length of time handled (min) | 0.99 | 0.89–1.1 | 0.96 |
Average number of times handled per day | 0.37 | 0.13–1.1 | 0.066 |
Factor | URD | Non-URD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Average length of stay (days)(+/−SD) | 13 (+/−6.9) | 9 (+/−5) | 0.004 * |
Average length of time handled (min) | 7.4 | 7.7 | 0.76 |
Average number of times handled per day | 0.7 | 1.1 | <0.001 * |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Burns, C.C.; Redding, L.E.; Watson, B. The Effects of Frequency and Duration of Handling on the Development of Feline Upper Respiratory Infections in a Shelter Setting. Animals 2020, 10, 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101828
Burns CC, Redding LE, Watson B. The Effects of Frequency and Duration of Handling on the Development of Feline Upper Respiratory Infections in a Shelter Setting. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101828
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurns, Charlotte C., Laurel E. Redding, and Brittany Watson. 2020. "The Effects of Frequency and Duration of Handling on the Development of Feline Upper Respiratory Infections in a Shelter Setting" Animals 10, no. 10: 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101828