1. Introduction
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Australia accepted 33,863 dogs to its shelters during the period 2018–2019 [
1]. Sources of admitted dogs in Queensland include councils, owner surrenders, humane officer admission (employees of the RSPCA with investigative powers under the Queensland Animal Care and Protection Act 2001) and euthanasia requests [
2], with age at admission being variable, but with over 74% adult dogs. Dogs are surrendered for numerous reasons: human-related (unwanted, changed circumstances, financial, owner’s health, and ex-commercial/racing), or dog-related (medical and behavioural problems) [
3]. After surrender, dogs are housed in the shelter until their suitability for adoption is determined, and if suitable, adopted.
The procedures used to identify dogs suitable for adoption include a medical check, behavioural assessment, in-kennel monitoring, and monitoring by shelter staff when interacting with the dog. Behavioural assessments are the preferred method in many shelters to give an overview of the dog’s behaviour for potential adopters [
4,
5]. They assess the dog’s reactions to diverse novel stimuli typical of everyday life situations and their ability to cope in challenging situations [
6], usually 3–5 days after entering the shelter [
5].
The testing procedures have a risk of both false positives and negatives [
7,
8], that is, running the risk of falsely identifying a behavioural problem that does not exist or deeming a dog suitable for adoption when it is not. These problems may arise due to the stress experienced by the dog from living in the shelter [
9], and because certain behaviours are multifactorial and a test carried out at a single point in time may not be able to accurately capture this behaviour. Few studies have evaluated the effect of the timing of behaviour assessments, for example immediately on shelter admission [
10].
Measurements used in the assessments need to be appropriate and meaningful, providing both quantitative and qualitative data [
11]. Qualitative measurements include history-taking measures, which provide a reflection of previous home environment and behaviour. Current procedures used by RSPCA Queensland are primarily quantitative measures, which are in line with the behaviour assessments reported in the literature that use a direct measure of behaviour by observing the dog’s response to several testing procedures [
4,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17]. Other measures focus on the assessment of behaviours in everyday situations, using a questionnaire for the dog’s owner to complete [
18,
19,
20,
21]. A widely used questionnaire is the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ), which includes items focusing on behaviour associated with aggression, fear and anxiety, trainability, excitability, separation, attachment, attention-seeking, and chasing [
18]. It has been extensively evaluated and used to validate quantitative behaviour assessments focusing on areas of behaviour issues and service dogs [
22,
23,
24,
25,
26].
In order to further investigate the accuracy with which behaviour assessments used in shelters identify behaviours exhibited elsewhere, this study adopted a novel approach to help to determine whether previous home behaviours are accurately reflected in these shelter assessments. The study asked owners to complete a validated questionnaire (C-BARQ) about their dog’s behaviour and then to bring the dog into a shelter where the dog underwent the standardised behaviour assessment. The aim of this study was to determine if the dogs’ behaviour in the home was reflected in the RSPCA Queensland behaviour assessment, conducted on the same dogs during a visit to the shelter.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
The sample included 107 companion dogs (males: 52, females 57, desexed: 103, intact: 6) who were over the age of 6 months and under 13 years (mean: 5 years 3 months). Sources of the dogs included: shelters (44.9%), breeders (23.8%), other (online, private sales, or did not disclose) (11.9%), neighbour, friend, or relative (10.1%), and under 5% were from pet stores or were stray dogs.
A variety of breeds were included in the study, determined by the C-BARQ questionnaire completed by the owners; mixed breeds (19.3%), Border collie (10.1%), Kelpie (8.3%), Staffordshire bull terrier (8.3%), German shepherd (5.5%), Australian cattle dog (3.7%), and Rottweiler (3.7%). All other breeds represented less than 3% of the population of dogs. Mean weight of the dogs was 21.8 ± 1.06 kg.
With respect to the household environment, 64.2% had other dogs in the household; 35.8% were single dog homes. Of the total population, 69.7% of the households had no children and 30.28% had children living in the home. With regard to the living arrangements for the dogs, 80.7% were classified as inside/outside, 12.8% were only inside, 4.6% were only outside and 1.8% had no classification.
3.2. Owner Questionnaire
All owners completed the C-BARQ questionnaire (107 participants). Many owners indicated that their dogs displayed no signs of fear (score 0) in situations with other unknown dogs (46%), strangers (68%) and non-social interactions (56%), with the second highest occurrence being the dog displaying minimal signs of fear (score 1) in the above situations (
Appendix C). When owners did report that some fear was displayed, it was most likely to be dog directed, then non-social and least likely to be stranger directed.
It was mostly reported that little aggression was observed. In particular, owner-directed aggression was very rare, only 5% of owners reported this, and stranger-directed aggression was also quite rare, with only 28% of owners reporting this, and mostly at low levels. However, dog-related aggression (unfamiliar dogs) was relatively common, reported by 60% of owners, but less towards familiar dogs (34% of owners). Separation-related behaviours were even less common, reported by 23% of owners, but attention-seeking, chasing, excitable and energetic behaviours were relatively common, with most owners reporting some occurrence. Touch sensitivity was less common, with most owners reporting that it was never or seldom seen. Dogs were reported to be trainable most of the time, but never always.
3.3. Formal Behaviour Assessment
In the overall formal behaviour assessment, dogs spent 41.2% of their time in friendly behaviours, 28.4% displaying fear, 14.3% in a state of high arousal, 13.5% displaying anxiousness, and 2.5% in aggression. Considering the frequency of the behaviours, there was a mean of 37.6% incidents of friendly behaviours, 30.3% incidents of fear-related behaviours, 15.4% incidents of high arousal behaviours, 13.7% incidents of anxiety-related behaviours, and 3.5% incidents of aggressive behaviours.
In individual tests, the major behaviours that had the highest occurrences were friendly and fearful, whereas anxiousness, arousal and aggression had lower instances (
Appendix D). However, there were higher instances of arousal in the toy interaction test which reflects the purpose of the test.
3.4. Relationships between Owner-Reported Dogs’ Behaviour in the Home and Behaviours Derived from the Formal Behaviour Assessment in the Shelter
All correlations were corrected using Bonferroni correction and varied in strength. Considering the overall behaviour assessment, there were positive Spearman rank correlations between the fear displayed in the assessment and the fear in non-social situations and stranger situations reported by the owner (
Table 3). A friendly classification in the shelter assessment correlated negatively with stranger-directed fear reports by the owner. Aggression in the shelter correlated positively with touch sensitivity reports by the owner, both in the overall assessment and in the touch sensitivity test. In the latter test, friendliness correlated with the non-social fear reports by the owner.
In the Play interactions test in the shelter, fear correlated positively with stranger-directed and non-social fear and aggression in the home. Friendliness in this test correlated negatively with stranger-directed fear reports by the owner. In the Response to unusual/unpredictable stimuli test in the shelter, fear correlated positively with stranger-directed fear reports by the owner, which also correlated negatively with friendliness in the behaviour assessment. In the Food possession test in the shelter, friendliness correlated negatively with stranger-directed fear, and in the Toddler doll test, fear correlated positively with non-social fear reports by the owner, and aggression correlated with touch sensitivity reports by the owner.
3.5. Predictability of Behaviour Assessment
In the home environment, dogs whose owners reported low levels of stranger-directed fear had high levels of friendliness in the Overall shelter test and in the Response to Unusual/Unpredictable Stimulus, Food Possession, Stranger, and Toddler doll tests (
Table 4). High levels of stranger-directed fear related positively to aggression in the Overall, Play interaction, Response to Unusual/Unpredictable Stimulus and Food Possession tests, to fearfulness in the Touch Sensitivity test and negatively to high arousal in the Toddler doll test. Owner-reported non-social fear and fear in the Exploration of room, Touch sensitivity and Response to unusual stimulus tests were related. Stranger-directed aggression reported by the owner was also related to fearfulness in the Touch sensitivity test. Owner-directed and reported aggression was negatively related to friendliness, fearfulness and high arousal in the Stranger test, and positively related to aggression in that test and the Toddler doll test. Familiar dog aggression reported by the owner was negatively related to friendliness, fearfulness and high arousal in the Toddler doll test and positively related to aggression in that test.
Touch sensitivity reported by the owner was negatively related with friendliness (Overall assessment, Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll, Time alone, Dog-to-dog interaction), high arousal (Overall assessment, Toddler doll, Touch sensitivity, Time alone), fearfulness (Touch sensitivity, Dog-to-dog interactions), and anxiety (Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll, Dog-to-dog interaction). There was a positive relationship between those related with aggression (Overall assessment, Touch sensitivity, Play interaction, Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll tests).
Attachment/attention seeking reported by the owner related negatively with friendliness (Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll), fearfulness (Overall assessment, Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll, Time alone), high arousal (Overall assessment, Play interaction, Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll), anxiety (Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll, Time alone). It related positively with aggression (Overall, Response to unusual stimulus, Toddler doll, Dog-to-dog interaction tests).
Excitability related negatively to fearfulness in Touch sensitivity, high arousal in Touch sensitivity, and it related positively to anxiousness in the Exploration of room, high arousal in the Exploration of room, and Time alone tests.
Energetic behaviour was related positively to high arousal in the Exploration of room, and aggression in Dog-to-dog interaction and negatively to friendliness in the Dog-to-dog interaction. Chasing was related negatively to anxiousness in the Toddler doll test.
4. Discussion
Behavioural assessments are used in the RSPCA Australian shelters to identify behavioural problems, determine suitability for adoption and to monitor the behaviour of each dog over time while in the shelter. The use of the behavioural assessment as a tool in combination with surrender information (home environment, in-home behaviour, and behaviour towards other dogs), veterinary history, in kennel observations, and staff feedback is thought to provide some representation of the dog’s behaviour. The behavioural assessment is not being used as a pass–fail tool, rather, it is used as one component of a toolbox to collect information over time. It is important to know how valid it is. The aim of this study was to determine if dogs’ home behaviour, measured using information provided by owners using the C-BARQ, was accurately reflected in the standardised RSPCA Queensland behaviour assessment. The study was conducted with dogs owned by members of the general public and therefore not dogs potentially negatively affected by stress due to time in the shelter.
Major themes identified in this study are consistent with the previous findings and results reported in previous studies, particularly in relation to fear, arousal, friendliness, and anxiousness [
27,
29]. The major tests that were most predictive of behaviour in a home environment were the exploration of room, touch sensitivity, and Response to unusual stimulus in regard to non-social fear. Stranger-directed fear was predictive in tests of touch sensitivity, and response to unusual stimulus response. Touch sensitivity was reflected in the corresponding test in the assessment. Owner-directed aggression was predicted in the stranger and toddler doll tests. Stranger-directed aggression was only identified in touch sensitivity in relation to fear. Excitability and energy were predicted in the exploration of room, touch sensitivity, and time alone tests. Finally, attachment was predicted in the tests related to the response to unusual stimulus, and toddler doll.
Overall friendliness identified during the play interactions, response to unusual stimulus, food possession, stranger, toddler doll and dog-to-dog interactions tests were reflected in the low scoring of the categories of energetic, fear and aggressive-related issues in C-BARQ. Categories of the C-BARQ that were not predicted in the tests were dog rivalry, dog-directed aggression, separation-related behaviours, trainability, and chasing.
There are few studies on the ability of an assessment to reflect previous home behaviour; rather, most literature looks at predicting future behaviour [
8,
13,
14,
25,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35]. In this study, behaviour reported in the home showed a relationship with certain aspects of the behavioural assessment including fear, friendliness, anxiety, arousal and aggression.
The relationship between fear displayed in the assessment and owners’ indication of stranger-directed and non-social fear, aligns with previous findings of the predictability of fear [
14,
36]. In looking at C-BARQ categories, stranger-directed fear and aggression, and non-social fear in the home were related to fear observed in the exploration of room, touch sensitivity, and response to unusual stimulus. Non-social fear, stranger-directed fear, and aggression in the home were associated with increased odds of fearfulness in dogs in the assessment. This consistency of fear responses is to be expected, since the fear response is a manifestation of a survival response in the brain located in the amygdala, with the behavioural response created being very recognisable and easy to identify in all species [
37]. Furthermore, the consistency of fear responses indicates a similarity of stimulus features and the demonstration of fearful behaviour requires appropriate environmental stimuli. One might expect to observe some consistency of fear responses in the home environment and shelter, even if people cannot categorise the motives/diagnosis of fear.
Mornement and co-authors [
14] argued that general measures of anxiousness and fear measured in the Behaviour assessment for rehoming K9’s (B.A.R.K) protocol significantly predicted “Fearful/inappropriate toileting” behaviours post adoption. These results outline the stable predictiveness of fear consistent over a shelter to a post-adoption environment and therefore suggests the stability of fear over longitudinal periods. Foyer and co-authors [
38] further reflected this in a study looking at behaviour in the first year of life and in a later temperament test in dogs. Results from the study outlined that dogs scoring high in categories of stranger-directed fear, non-social fear, and dog-directed fear showed a significantly lower rate of success 3 months later in the temperament test due to fear [
38]. Therefore, it is of no surprise to observe consistency in the fear response seen in this study.
In relation to the friendliness displayed in the home environment and behaviour assessment, it is no surprise that it reflects previous findings [
14]. Mornement and co-authors [
14] found that post adoption, dogs greeting visitors in a friendly manner could be predicted by friendliness scores in B.A.R.K. However, it did not appear to be a reliable predictor of problem behaviours, such as overall aggression or destructive behaviour in shelters.
Furthermore, the predictability of behavioural problems outlined in the results using the owner information and the behaviour assessment could be due to the timing of the assessment. The assessment was conducted upon arrival, located in a room which was at a considerable distance from the main shelter. The stress of the shelter may cause the normal behavioural repertoire to change in the dog for the purpose of finding the best coping mechanism to deal with acute stress due to changes in the environment. Therefore, the timing of the assessment (currently at a minimum of 3 days after surrender) may cause the predictability of behaviour post adoption to be poorer due to the changes that stress can cause in normal behaviour. If we take human psychology as an example, humans that go into a novel environment which they have never been in before suffer an acute stress response. Humans, like all animals, need to adapt to a new environment; they can find positive and negative coping mechanisms to help with this which is then reflected in their behaviour [
39]. If positive coping mechanisms are not found, then negative coping mechanisms are used, causing problem behaviours and sometimes addiction. Dogs that have never been in the novel environment before, such as the shelter, respond with an acute stress response due to social isolation from previous family, daily routine changes, disturbed feeding, walking, socialising, lack of handling and attachment figures, and sensory overstimulation. The dog must adjust to the new environment and if unable to cope effectively, behavioural problems start to occur. Once adopted, however, dogs then need to adjust back to home behaviour, which can be easy for most dogs but other dogs with behavioural problems may find this difficult. This is consistent with the findings of Mornement and co-authors [
14] who indicated a high number of new adopters reporting signs of growling, snapping, and attempting to bite a person.
Not all instances of behaviour seen in the behavioural assessment-reflected responses to the C-BARQ questionnaire, including certain categories of aggression (dog-directed, stranger-directed), separation-related behaviours and possessive behaviours. Only one category of the C-BARQ, owner-directed aggression, showed consistency with the behaviour assessment stranger and toddler doll tests.
One might expect that stranger-directed aggression in these tests would be reported in the C-BARQ but this was not the case. A study by Dalla Villa et al. [
25] outlined the use of the Socially acceptable behaviour (SAB) protocol for identifying categories of aggression. The results indicate that only categories of C-BARQ predictive of the SABS were associated with owner-reported aggression towards familiar people and familiar dogs, however, these were not directly measured by any of the SAB subtests. The identification of the category of aggression is difficult as there are numerous such categories [
40] and aggression can be multifactorial. Therefore, this could explain the lack of results in the predictability of aggression towards another stimulus e.g., dog-directed and stranger directed. Without thorough examination of the context of aggression, the environment, and a comprehensive understanding of all factors at play, it is very difficult for assessments to correctly identify, let alone predict, categories of aggression.
Separation-related behaviours are difficult for assessments to identify predictably due to the multifactorial nature of the issue. The issue can be easily misclassified due to other underlying problems like attachment-seeking, general anxiety, fears, or phobias [
41]. Furthermore, differential diagnosis should always be taken into account before outlining that the individual has separation anxiety. Storengen and co-authors’ [
42] study of 215 dogs diagnosed with separation anxiety reported that only 18.5% of animals actually had only separation anxiety with no other behavioural problems, whereas 82.8% of the animals had other underlying behavioural problems in addition to separation anxiety, with the most common comorbidity being related to noise sensitivity (43.7%) [
42].
Possessive behaviour has been reported in the literature to have a low predictability [
13,
14,
31]. This may be due to the manifestation of the problem being environmentally based [
13,
31]. Possessive aggression is associated with a need to protect a resource from surrounding threats, however, once a threat is no longer present, the behaviour ceases, therefore it is not often seen in post-adoption environments. The study by Marder and co-authors [
13] found that a little over half of the dogs with possessive behaviour in the shelter displayed these issues post adoption, whereas 22% of dogs identified in a shelter with no signs of possessive behaviours exhibited the behaviour post adoption. Furthermore, a study by Mohan-Gibbons [
31] into the removal of the test, identified that there was a low risk of injury to handlers, volunteers, staff or adopters and no significant difference in the rate of returns. However, even though it was a low relative risk of occurrence in the home it is predictive, just not perfectly predictive. Possession aggression, however, can be stimulated by environmental or competition in the environment, therefore, if in a stable environment, such behaviours will decrease or cease. Therefore, in the current study, this could explain the low occurrence of possessive aggression, especially in the home environment.
Numerous possibilities exist that consider discrepancies between the behavioural assessment results and owner reports. A possibility is that the current standardised behaviour assessment may be adequate at identifying overall behaviours, however, unable to correctly identify certain behavioural problems. However, behavioural problems, such as dog-directed aggression or separation-related behaviours, may be inaccurately identified due to the misinterpretation of the behaviour by the owner in the home. For example, dogs that are reactive to other dogs at a distance could be misclassified as dog-aggressive or offensive aggressive, when what is being displayed is built-up frustration and hyperactivity towards other dogs. A study that assessed the behaviour of privately owned dogs using the Dutch socially acceptable behaviour test, found that a large portion of aggressive dogs remain undetected and the test was unsuitable for assessing types of aggression apart from fear [
23]. The current results agree with this, outlining the high degree of detectability of fear.
There are limitations to this study. One limitation is that all dogs in this study had been in a home environment for over 6 months, and therefore, had an attachment figure. Attachment figures have previously been seen to have a significant impact on inhibitory control, problem-solving tasks and social interactions in comparison to dogs that were in shelters with no attachment figure [
43,
44,
45]. Another limitation includes that the study population may not be representative of dogs that end up in shelters.
The results from this novel study suggest the benefit of an upon surrender assessment to increase the understanding of behaviour from the previous home environment. Early recognition of behavioural problems that include fear, anxiousness, arousal, and aggression can help dogs cope in the environment and allows behaviour modification to be implemented before the stressors of the shelters begin to have an effect [
9].