Environmental Investigations and Tissue Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Grey Mullet from the Black Sea (Bulgaria) and the Ionian Sea (Italy)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fish Sampling
2.2. Sample Preparation, Tissue and Water Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Sampling Site | N | Sampling Stations | Weight (g) ± SD | Length (cm) ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gray mullet (Mugil cephalus) | Black Sea (Bulgaria) | 20 | B1, B2, B3 | 104.33 ± 13.80 | 23.17 ± 2.61 |
Ionian Sea (Italy) | 20 | I1, I2, I3 | 97.12 ± 11.25 | 22.41 ± 2.38 |
Trace Elements (μg/L) | Sampling Sites | |
---|---|---|
Black Sea (Bulgaria) | Ionian Sea (Italy) | |
Cd | 0.0445 ± 0.0020 | 0.9289 ± 0.0095 * |
Cr | 0.3751 ± 0.0044 | 0.9042 ± 0.0148 * |
Pb | 0.3472 ± 0.0006 | 0.8060 ± 0.1095 * |
Ni | 0.5286 ± 0.0113 | 0.8435 ± 0.0440 * |
Al | 5.4634 ± 0.2208 | 0.9350 ± 0.0215 * |
Cu | 0.5340 ± 0.0080 | 41.2700 ± 0.2720 * |
Fe | 3.4591 ± 0.1834 | 0.8920 ± 0.0507 * |
Mn | 0.5388 ± 0.0307 | 0.9385 ± 0.0048 * |
Zn | 22.1829 ± 0.1049 | 0.8821 ± 0.0379 * |
Heavy metals (μg/L) | Samples | Muscle | Gills | Liver |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Ionian Sea | 0.0008 ± 0.0010 a | 0.0034 ± 0.0021 a | 0.0351 ± 0.0217 a |
Black Sea | 0.0391 ± 0.0043 b | 0.0214 ± 0.0058 b | 0.2391 ± 0.0034 b | |
Cr | Ionian Sea | 0.0213 ± 0.0012 a | 0.0602 ± 0.0106 a | 0.1506± 0.0066 a |
Black Sea | 0.1809 ± 0.0051 b | 0.3340 ± 0.0678 b | 0.1303 ± 0.0027 b | |
Pb | Ionian Sea | 0.0572 ± 0.0104 a | 0.5320 ± 0.0844 a | 0.1970 ± 0.0771 a |
Black Sea | 0.1914 ± 0.0046 b | 2.768 ± 0.0525 b | 0.5118 ± 0.0098 b | |
Ni | Ionian Sea | 0.0071 ± 0.0011 a | 0.0610 ± 0.0079 a | 0.1735± 0.0315 a |
Black Sea | 0.1249 ± 0.0211 b | 0.2144 ± 0.0033 b | 0.2111 ± 0.0062 b | |
Al | Ionian Sea | 4.8500 ± 0.8082 a | 9.0230 ± 0.7341 a | 20.2900 ± 1.9230 a |
Black Sea | 1.0210 ± 0.0061 b | 47.3800 ± 2.5700 b | 33.3100 ± 0.4651 b | |
Cu | Ionian Sea | 0.2695 ± 0.0473 a | 0.7400 ± 0.1114 a | 0.6600 ± 0.1635 a |
Black Sea | 1.8270 ± 0.0151 b | 1.1760 ± 0.0385 b | 68.6200 ± 0.3200 b | |
Fe | Ionian Sea | 5.9250 ± 0.9792 a | 54.9100 ± 5.1440 a | 33.1500 ± 3.2970 a |
Black Sea | 11.0600 ± 1.6310 b | 50.8900 ± 1.6730 b | 502.3000 ± 2.0410 b | |
Mn | Ionian Sea | 0.3040 ± 0.0484 a | 7.8550 ± 0.9310 a | 1.5350 ± 0.2455 a |
Black Sea | 0.1376 ± 0.0183 b | 30.3300 ± 0.7803 b | 1.6710 ± 0.0204 b | |
Zn | Ionian Sea | 19.3000 ± 2.0800 a | 19.6000 ± 1.7890 a | 30.0000 ± 1.8920 a |
Black Sea | 4.5330 ± 0.5551 b | 18.1100 ± 0.7027 b | 18.4800 ± 0.4849 b |
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Fazio, F.; D’Iglio, C.; Capillo, G.; Saoca, C.; Peycheva, K.; Piccione, G.; Makedonski, L. Environmental Investigations and Tissue Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Grey Mullet from the Black Sea (Bulgaria) and the Ionian Sea (Italy). Animals 2020, 10, 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101739
Fazio F, D’Iglio C, Capillo G, Saoca C, Peycheva K, Piccione G, Makedonski L. Environmental Investigations and Tissue Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Grey Mullet from the Black Sea (Bulgaria) and the Ionian Sea (Italy). Animals. 2020; 10(10):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101739
Chicago/Turabian StyleFazio, Francesco, Claudio D’Iglio, Gioele Capillo, Concetta Saoca, Katya Peycheva, Giuseppe Piccione, and Lubomir Makedonski. 2020. "Environmental Investigations and Tissue Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Grey Mullet from the Black Sea (Bulgaria) and the Ionian Sea (Italy)" Animals 10, no. 10: 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101739