Phytate Degradation, Transcellular Mineral Transporters, and Mineral Utilization by Two Strains of Laying Hens as Affected by Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- Different P and Ca concentrations in the feed affect InsP6 degradation, InsPx pattern, MI concentration, and mineral transporter expression in the digestive tract and MI concentration in the blood and eggs of laying hens.
- The genetic background of the hens influences the assessed traits.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Birds and Housing
2.2. Diets
2.3. Experimental Procedures, Sampling, and Measurements
2.4. Sample Preparation and Chemical and Physical Analysis
2.5. Total RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis
2.6. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Performance and Blood Traits
3.2. InsP6, Inositol Phosphate Isomers, and MI in Gut Sections
3.2.1. Crop
3.2.2. Gizzard
3.2.3. Jejunum
3.2.4. Ileum
3.2.5. Ceca
3.3. Ca and P Intake, Concentration in the Small Intestine, and Utilization
3.4. Expression Pattern of Transcellular Mineral Transporters in the Ileum
3.5. MI in the Egg
4. Discussion
4.1. Strain Effects
4.2. Effects of Dietary Ca and P
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient, g/kg | P+Ca+ | P+Ca− | P−Ca+ | P−Ca− |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | 617.4 | 617.4 | 617.4 | 617.4 |
Soybean meal | 265.0 | 265.0 | 265.0 | 265.0 |
Soybean oil | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
DL-Methionine | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 5.3 | 5.3 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Sand | - | 12.8 | 1.3 | 14.1 |
Limestone, fine 1 | 24.7 | 21.3 | 25.2 | 21.7 |
Limestone, coarse 2 | 58.7 | 49.3 | 59.2 | 50.0 |
Sodium chloride | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Choline chloride | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
Vitamin mix 3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Mineral mix 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
TiO2 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Calculated concentration | ||||
Crude protein, g/kg DM | 189 | 189 | 189 | 189 |
Total P, g/kg DM | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
Non-phytate P, g/kg DM | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Ca, g/kg DM | 39.6 | 33.9 | 39.6 | 33.9 |
Analyzed concentration5 | ||||
Total P, g/kg DM | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
InsP6-P, g/kg DM | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
Ca, g/kg DM | 39.5 | 35.1 | 40.3 | 34.4 |
Myo-inositol, µmol/g DM | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5, µmol/g DM | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5, µmol/g DM | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
InsP6, µmol/g DM | 12.6 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 12.7 |
BW | ADFI | Average Egg Weight | Inorganic P | Calcium | myo-Inositol | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | g | g/d | g | mmol/L | mmol/L | mmol/L |
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 1784 bc | 104 | 57.2 | 1.8 | 7.5 | 0.15 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 1929 a | 114 | 58.2 | 1.7 | 7.3 | 0.14 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 1838 ab | 111 | 58.8 | 1.8 | 6.9 | 0.14 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 1809 b | 110 | 59.6 | 1.8 | 7.1 | 0.16 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 1648 d | 109 | 60.6 | 1.5 | 6.2 | 0.14 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 1641 d | 116 | 59.5 | 1.8 | 7.3 | 0.15 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 1599 d | 109 | 61.2 | 1.7 | 7.3 | 0.15 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 1683 cd | 118 | 62.6 | 1.6 | 6.9 | 0.15 |
Pooled SEM | 41.0 | 3.3 | 1.15 | 0.11 | 0.47 | 0.010 | ||
p-values | Strain | <0.001 | 0.165 | 0.002 | 0.133 | 0.425 | 0.847 | |
P | 0.500 | 0.571 | 0.047 | 0.514 | 0.857 | 0.615 | ||
Ca | 0.081 | 0.008 | 0.474 | 0.705 | 0.551 | 0.458 | ||
Strain × P | 0.579 | 0.798 | 0.859 | 0.562 | 0.261 | 0.671 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.717 | 0.387 | 0.525 | 0.172 | 0.634 | 0.728 | ||
P × Ca | 0.445 | 0.293 | 0.460 | 0.312 | 0.363 | 0.418 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.016 | 0.202 | 0.451 | 0.055 | 0.121 | 0.085 |
Crop | Gizzard | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | myo-Inositol | Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 | Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 | InsP6 | myo-Inositol | Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 | Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 | InsP6 |
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 0.85 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 10.6 | 0.65 | <LOQ 3 | 0.5 | 8.6 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 0.76 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 10.6 | 0.60 | n.d. 4 | 0.4 | 7.7 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 0.85 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 12.0 | 0.60 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 8.4 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 0.77 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 11.6 | 0.65 | <LOQ | 0.4 | 7.0 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 0.60 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 11.8 | 0.31 | n.d. | 0.3 | 5.8 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 0.75 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 11.8 | 0.55 | n.d. | <LOQ | 5.2 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 0.75 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 11.9 | 0.36 | n.d. | 0.3 | 5.7 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 0.80 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 11.8 | 0.55 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 6.7 |
Pooled SEM | 0.090 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.059 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.85 | ||
p-values | Strain | 0.235 | 0.024 | 0.019 | 0.188 | 0.001 | . | 0.005 | 0.002 | |
P | 0.370 | 0.475 | 0.153 | 0.164 | 0.770 | . | 0.921 | 0.762 | ||
Ca | 0.833 | 0.656 | 0.786 | 0.840 | 0.014 | . | 0.723 | 0.493 | ||
Strain × P | 0.405 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 0.215 | 0.760 | . | 0.832 | 0.292 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.121 | 0.832 | 0.433 | 0.914 | 0.010 | . | 0.178 | 0.258 | ||
P × Ca | 0.687 | 0.681 | 0.355 | 0.799 | 0.760 | . | 0.979 | 0.703 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.640 | 0.128 | 0.750 | 0.851 | 0.368 | . | . | 0.449 |
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | myo-Inositol | Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 | Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 | Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 | Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 | InsP6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 7.40 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 27.9 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 8.26 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 31.7 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 8.53 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 36.1 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 8.82 | <LOQ 3 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 32.8 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 8.71 | <LOQ | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 28.4 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 9.16 | 0.3 | <LOQ | 1.0 | 1.4 | 27.1 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 8.55 | <LOQ | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 26.3 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 9.54 | n.d. 4 | <LOQ | 0.9 | 1.3 | 27.8 |
Pooled SEM | 0.532 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 2.33 | ||
p-values | Strain | 0.110 | 0.704 | 0.342 | 0.049 | 0.021 | 0.019 | |
P | 0.149 | 0.445 | 0.782 | 0.459 | 0.848 | 0.211 | ||
Ca | 0.054 | 0.908 | 0.634 | 0.266 | 0.037 | 0.906 | ||
Strain × P | 0.264 | . | 0.245 | 0.219 | 0.293 | 0.097 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.824 | . | . | 0.853 | 0.701 | 0.960 | ||
P × Ca | 0.982 | . | 0.213 | 0.355 | 0.239 | 0.499 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.397 | . | . | 0.355 | 0.203 | 0.127 |
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | myo-inositol | InsP3x | Ins(1,5,6)P3 | Ins(1,2,3,4)P4 | Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 | Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 | Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 | Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 | InsP6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 1.93 | 0.4 | n.d. 3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 40.0 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 3.76 | 0.4 | n.d. | 0.2 | <LOQ 4 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 43.5 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 2.36 | 0.4 | 0.4 | <LOQ | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 46.3 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 6.41 | 0.5 | <LOQ | 0.3 | <LOQ | 0.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 46.5 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 1.83 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 45.6 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 3.42 | 0.5 | n.d. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 35.6 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 2.20 | 0.4 | <LOQ | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 41.6 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 2.19 | 0.5 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 38.4 |
Pooled SEM | 0.794 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.34 | 4.11 | ||
p-values | Strain | 0.061 | 0.298 | . | 0.030 | 0.507 | 0.694 | 0.471 | 0.752 | 0.176 | |
P | 0.766 | 0.488 | . | 0.605 | 0.884 | 0.730 | 0.352 | 0.328 | 0.471 | ||
Ca | 0.001 | 0.433 | . | 0.449 | 0.748 | 0.170 | 0.076 | 0.113 | 0.405 | ||
Strain × P | 0.126 | 0.429 | . | . | 0.459 | 0.119 | 0.247 | 0.355 | 0.350 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.449 | 0.763 | . | 0.628 | . | 0.221 | 0.144 | 0.352 | 0.138 | ||
P × Ca | 0.710 | 0.493 | . | . | . | 0.134 | 0.368 | 0.655 | 0.752 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.140 | 0.968 | . | . | . | 0.355 | 0.362 | 0.229 | 0.366 |
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | myo-Inositol | InsP3x | Ins(1,2,3,4)P4 | Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 | Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 | Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 | Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 | InsP6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 0.24 c | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 26.0 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 0.15 c | n.d. | 0.4 | 0.4 | n.d. | 2.3 | 2.0 | 25.4 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 0.32 c | n.d. | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 25.6 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 0.42 c | n.d. | 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.6 | 0.4 | 9.5 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 0.64 bc | n.d. | 0.4 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.6 | n.d. | 2.4 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 1.09 ab | n.d. | 0.3 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.9 | 0.2 | 6.1 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 1.30 a | n.d. | 0.3 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.4 | n.d. | 3.0 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 0.94 ab | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.5 | 0.5 | 5.1 |
Pooled SEM | 0.189 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 5.79 | ||
p-values | Strain | <0.001 | . | 0.024 | . | . | 0.019 | 0.119 | 0.001 | |
P | 0.088 | . | 0.191 | 0.454 | 0.710 | 0.797 | 0.598 | 0.299 | ||
Ca | 0.831 | . | 0.012 | 0.350 | . | 0.045 | 0.115 | 0.510 | ||
Strain × P | 0.752 | . | 0.472 | . | . | 0.777 | 0.099 | 0.322 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.885 | . | 0.683 | . | . | 0.295 | . | 0.163 | ||
P × Ca | 0.214 | . | 0.089 | . | . | 0.609 | 0.071 | 0.285 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.049 | . | . | . | 0.101 | . | 0.395 |
Ca Intake | Ca Jejunum | Ca Ileum | Ca Excretion | Ca Utilization | P Intake | P Jejunum | P Ileum | P Excretion | P Utilization | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | g/d | g/kg | g/kg | g/d | % | g/d | g/kg | g/kg | g/d | % |
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 3.91 | 27.9 | 53.2 | 1.33 | 66.1 | 0.53 | 8.7 | 11.0 | 0.39 | 24.9 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 3.86 | 22.4 | 32.2 | 1.08 | 72.7 | 0.58 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 0.41 | 31.0 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 4.14 | 27.3 | 37.2 | 1.56 | 63.3 | 0.49 | 10.6 | 12.5 | 0.36 | 26.0 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 3.60 | 21.3 | 34.1 | 0.99 | 72.6 | 0.50 | 9.5 | 12.0 | 0.37 | 25.1 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 4.09 | 28.3 | 44.1 | 1.49 | 63.3 | 0.55 | 9.1 | 12.4 | 0.43 | 21.9 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 3.96 | 27.0 | 35.0 | 1.10 | 72.7 | 0.60 | 9.0 | 11.2 | 0.43 | 28.3 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 4.06 | 26.4 | 47.2 | 1.32 | 67.5 | 0.48 | 9.3 | 11.4 | 0.36 | 23.3 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 3.84 | 21.6 | 37.3 | 1.05 | 72.9 | 0.53 | 8.1 | 10.7 | 0.38 | 27.9 |
Pooled SEM | 0.114 | 3.49 | 7.12 | 0.117 | 2.47 | 0.015 | 0.58 | 1.04 | 0.017 | 2.45 | ||
p-values | Strain | 0.187 | 0.485 | 0.273 | 0.990 | 0.848 | 0.155 | 0.222 | 0.590 | 0.128 | 0.373 | |
P | 0.571 | 0.492 | 0.557 | 0.788 | 0.788 | <0.001 | 0.308 | 0.887 | <0.001 | 0.556 | ||
Ca | 0.004 | 0.027 | 0.014 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.182 | 0.515 | 0.299 | 0.013 | ||
Strain × P | 0.696 | 0.555 | 0.360 | 0.236 | 0.228 | 0.712 | 0.051 | 0.220 | 0.289 | 0.351 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.432 | 0.669 | 0.605 | 0.602 | 0.840 | 0.433 | 0.655 | 0.463 | 0.817 | 0.356 | ||
P × Ca | 0.071 | 0.691 | 0.417 | 0.513 | 0.835 | 0.311 | 0.077 | 0.817 | 0.578 | 0.167 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.215 | 0.933 | 0.316 | 0.147 | 0.268 | 0.232 | 0.719 | 0.519 | 0.781 | 0.408 |
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | ATP2B1 | CALB1 | NCX1 | SLC20A1 | SLC20A2 | SLC34A2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 14.70 | 21.01 | 9.39 | 12.64 | 12.26 | 14.02 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 14.99 | 21.29 | 9.16 | 13.08 | 12.34 | 14.26 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 14.72 | 20.64 | 9.32 | 12.63 | 12.09 | 13.87 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 14.80 | 21.05 | 9.06 | 13.18 | 12.23 | 14.16 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 14.30 | 21.05 | 9.47 | 11.90 | 11.90 | 13.26 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 14.56 | 21.39 | 9.64 | 12.05 | 12.01 | 13.83 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 14.49 | 21.47 | 9.56 | 12.44 | 12.24 | 13.78 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 14.61 | 21.45 | 9.53 | 12.44 | 12.10 | 13.74 |
Pooled SEM | 0.252 | 0.227 | 0.252 | 0.306 | 0.131 | 0.229 | ||
p-values | Strain | 0.077 | 0.081 | 0.083 | <0.001 | 0.089 | 0.007 | |
P | 0.898 | 0.827 | 0.779 | 0.189 | 0.596 | 0.760 | ||
Ca | 0.221 | 0.090 | 0.605 | 0.156 | 0.531 | 0.090 | ||
Strain × P | 0.488 | 0.067 | 0.834 | 0.278 | 0.027 | 0.270 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.993 | 0.526 | 0.343 | 0.277 | 0.407 | 0.986 | ||
P × Ca | 0.568 | 0.670 | 0.740 | 0.954 | 0.553 | 0.364 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.914 | 0.392 | 0.797 | 0.741 | 0.309 | 0.295 |
Albumen | Albumen | Yolk | Yolk | Egg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Dietary P | Dietary Ca | µmol/g | µmol | µmol/g | µmol | µmol |
LB 1 | P+ | Ca+ | 0.54 | 18.8 | 0.79 b | 11.4 b | 30.2 |
LB | P+ | Ca− | 0.53 | 19.0 | 0.87 ab | 13.3 a | 32.3 |
LB | P− | Ca+ | 0.52 | 18.8 | 0.90 a | 13.6 a | 32.4 |
LB | P− | Ca− | 0.51 | 19.2 | 0.87 ab | 12.9 ab | 32.0 |
LSL 2 | P+ | Ca+ | 0.47 | 17.2 | 0.84 ab | 13.5 a | 30.7 |
LSL | P+ | Ca− | 0.50 | 17.5 | 0.82 ab | 13.4 a | 30.9 |
LSL | P− | Ca+ | 0.51 | 18.4 | 0.79 b | 13.1 a | 31.5 |
LSL | P− | Ca− | 0.50 | 18.8 | 0.85 ab | 14.3 a | 33.1 |
Pooled SEM | 0.030 | 1.21 | 0.032 | 0.67 | 1.46 | ||
p-values | Strain | 0.324 | 0.433 | 0.341 | 0.185 | 0.909 | |
P | 0.976 | 0.367 | 0.293 | 0.207 | 0.179 | ||
Ca | 0.967 | 0.658 | 0.324 | 0.169 | 0.305 | ||
Strain × P | 0.222 | 0.431 | 0.142 | 0.470 | 0.783 | ||
Strain × Ca | 0.735 | 0.995 | 0.940 | 0.997 | 0.997 | ||
P × Ca | 0.555 | 0.917 | 0.763 | 0.454 | 0.773 | ||
Strain × P × Ca | 0.577 | 0.990 | 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.266 |
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Sommerfeld, V.; Omotoso, A.O.; Oster, M.; Reyer, H.; Camarinha-Silva, A.; Hasselmann, M.; Huber, K.; Ponsuksili, S.; Seifert, J.; Stefanski, V.; et al. Phytate Degradation, Transcellular Mineral Transporters, and Mineral Utilization by Two Strains of Laying Hens as Affected by Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium. Animals 2020, 10, 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101736
Sommerfeld V, Omotoso AO, Oster M, Reyer H, Camarinha-Silva A, Hasselmann M, Huber K, Ponsuksili S, Seifert J, Stefanski V, et al. Phytate Degradation, Transcellular Mineral Transporters, and Mineral Utilization by Two Strains of Laying Hens as Affected by Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101736
Chicago/Turabian StyleSommerfeld, Vera, Adewunmi Omolade Omotoso, Michael Oster, Henry Reyer, Amélia Camarinha-Silva, Martin Hasselmann, Korinna Huber, Siriluck Ponsuksili, Jana Seifert, Volker Stefanski, and et al. 2020. "Phytate Degradation, Transcellular Mineral Transporters, and Mineral Utilization by Two Strains of Laying Hens as Affected by Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium" Animals 10, no. 10: 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101736