Behavioral and Neurochemical Shifts at the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex Are Associated to Peripheral Inflammation in Balb/c Mice Infected with Brucella abortus 2308
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Culture
2.2. Animals
2.3. Behavioral Assessment
2.4. Brain and Serum Sampling
2.5. Neurotransmitter Quantification
2.6. Cytokine Quantification
2.7. Corticosterone Quantification
2.8. Statical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. B. abortus 2308 Infected Mice Displayed Behavioral Changes as Compared with Control Mice at 14- and 21-Days Post-Infection
3.2. B. abortus 2308 Infected Mice Display Differential Changes in Neurotransmitter Concentrations in Distinct Brain Regions as Compared with Control at 14- and 21-Days Post-Injection
3.3. Serum Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ at Days 14 and 21 Post-Infection with B. abortus 2308
3.4. B. abortus 2308 Infected Mice Did Not Display Differential Changes in Corticosterone Serum Concentrations as Compared Control Mice
3.5. Correlations between Cytokines, Corticosterone, Neurotransmitters, and Behavioral Tests
4. Discussion
4.1. Inflammatory Changes
4.2. Corticosterone
4.3. Neurochemical Alterations
4.4. Behavioral Alterations
4.5. Correlations
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cerebellum | |||
---|---|---|---|
Neurotransmitter | Correlation | Correlation Value | p-Value |
D | FGST | rs = 0.67 | p < 0.05 |
MBCT | r = −0.76 | p < 0.01 | |
E | Cx | r = 0.79 | p < 0.01 |
Frontal Cortex | |||
D | MBCT | r= −0.62 | p < 0.05 |
Hippocampus | |||
NE | OF | rs = 0.67 | p < 0.01 |
Frontal Cortex | |||
---|---|---|---|
Neurotransmitter | Correlation | Correlation Value | p-Value |
D | IL-10 | rs = −0.77 | p < 0.01 |
E | NE FC | rs = 0.71 | p < 0.01 |
NE | IL-12 | r = 0.61 | p < 0.05 |
Hippocampus | |||
D | MBCT | r = 0.74 | p < 0.01 |
Cerebellum | |||
---|---|---|---|
Neurotransmitter | Correlation | Correlation Value | p-Value |
D | IL-6 | r = 0.75 | p < 0.01 |
Frontal Cortex | |||
D | FGST | rs= −0.76 | p < 0.01 |
E | Cx | rs= 0.62 | p < 0.05 |
NE | FST | r = −0.6 | p < 0.05 |
IL-10 | rs= −0.7 | p < 0.01 | |
5-HT | TST | r = 0.77 | p < 0.01 |
FST | r = −0.61 | p < 0.05 | |
Hippocampus | |||
D | IL-6 | r = 0.77 | p < 0.01 |
E | TST | r = 0.58 | p < 0.05 |
NE | MBCT | r = 0.61 | p < 0.05 |
TST | r = 0.60 | p < 0.05 |
Cytokine | Correlation | Correlation Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
IL-6 (21-PI) | Cx (21-PI) | r = 0.68 | p < 0.05 |
IL-10 (21-PI) | FGST (21-PI) | rs= 0.65 | p < 0.05 |
TNF-α (14-PI) | Cx (14-PI) | rs= 0.95 | p < 0.001 |
Molecule | 14-PI | 21-PI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cytokines | TNF-α | ↑ | TNF-α | ↑↓ |
IL-6 | ↑ | IL-6 | ↑↓ | |
IL-12 | ↑ | IL-12 | ↑ | |
IL-10 | ↓ | IL-10 | ↓ | |
IFN-γ | ↑ | IFN-γ | ↓↓ | |
Neurotrasmitters | Hippocampus | |||
5-HT | ↓ | 5-HT | ↓↑ | |
D | ↓ | D | ↓↑ | |
NE | ↓ | NE | ↓↑ | |
Frontal cortex | ||||
5-HT | ↓ | 5-HT | ↓↑ | |
D | ↓ | |||
Cerebellum | ||||
5-HT | ↑ | |||
Hormones | Cortisol = | Cortisol = | ||
Behavior | Resistance (FGST) | ↓ | Resistance (FGST) | ↓ |
Equilibrium (MBCT) | ↓ | Equilibrium (MBCT) | ↓ | |
Anxiety (OF) | ↑ | Anxiety (OF) | ↑ | |
Hopelessness (TST) | ↓ | Hopelessness (TST) | ↓ | |
Hopelessness (FST) | ↓ | Hopelessness (FST) | ↓↑ |
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Maldonado-García, J.L.; Pérez-Sánchez, G.; Becerril Villanueva, E.; Alvarez-Herrera, S.; Pavón, L.; Gutiérrez-Ospina, G.; López-Santiago, R.; Maldonado-Tapia, J.O.; Pérez-Tapia, S.M.; Moreno-Lafont, M.C. Behavioral and Neurochemical Shifts at the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex Are Associated to Peripheral Inflammation in Balb/c Mice Infected with Brucella abortus 2308. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091937
Maldonado-García JL, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril Villanueva E, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pavón L, Gutiérrez-Ospina G, López-Santiago R, Maldonado-Tapia JO, Pérez-Tapia SM, Moreno-Lafont MC. Behavioral and Neurochemical Shifts at the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex Are Associated to Peripheral Inflammation in Balb/c Mice Infected with Brucella abortus 2308. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(9):1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091937
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaldonado-García, José Luis, Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez, Enrique Becerril Villanueva, Samantha Alvarez-Herrera, Lenin Pavón, Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina, Rubén López-Santiago, Jesús Octavio Maldonado-Tapia, Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia, and Martha C. Moreno-Lafont. 2021. "Behavioral and Neurochemical Shifts at the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex Are Associated to Peripheral Inflammation in Balb/c Mice Infected with Brucella abortus 2308" Microorganisms 9, no. 9: 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091937