Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statements
2.2. Animals and Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Analysis
2.3.1. Fermentation Profile and Enzyme Activity
2.3.2. 16S rRNA Sequencing
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Rumen Fermentation Profile and Enzyme Activity
3.2. Rumen Bacteria Analysis
3.2.1. Rumen Bacteria Diversity Analysis
3.2.2. Rumen Bacteria Composition Analysis
3.3. Driving Factors and the Correlations between Rumen Bacteria and Its Byproducts
3.3.1. Driving Factors of Rumen Bacteria Variation
3.3.2. The Correlation between Bacteria and Its Main Byproducts
4. Discussion
4.1. Rumen Fermentation Profile and Enzyme Activity
4.2. Rumen Bacteria Composition
4.3. The Relationship within the Rumen Bacteria, Enzyme, and VFA
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Groups | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1.5 | M6 | M9 | M18 | M23 | M27 | |||
pH | 6.52 ab | 6.69 a | 6.50 ab | 6.53 ab | 6.36 bc | 6.25 c | 0.04 | <0.01 |
NH3-N (mg/dL) | 32.98 a | 11.23 de | 13.61 cd | 8.97 e | 16.41 c | 20.35 b | 1.22 | <0.01 |
MCP (µg/mL) | 81.05 b | 116.01 a | 79.14 b | 61.62 c | 119.29 a | 127.07 a | 3.96 | <0.01 |
Acetate (mmol/mL) | 31.91 c | 47.34 b | 69.16 ab | 75.34 a | 73.58 ab | 64.55 ab | 2.45 | <0.01 |
Propionate (mmol/mL) | 13.73 d | 24.75 a | 18.84 bcd | 16.21 cd | 20.23 abc | 23.24 ab | 0.89 | <0.01 |
Butyrate (mmol/mL) | 2.50 d | 7.48 ab | 6.10 bc | 5.04 c | 6.46 abc | 7.76 a | 0.32 | <0.01 |
TVFA (mmol/mL) | 52.63 c | 80.59 b | 61.48 c | 82.69 c | 101.47 a | 102.33 a | 3.31 | <0.01 |
A/P | 3.04 b | 1.95 c | 3.70 a | 3.73 a | 3.70 a | 3.01 b | 0.12 | <0.01 |
Items | Groups | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1.5 | M6 | M9 | M18 | M23 | M27 | |||
Dehydrogenase (µg/min/mL) | 0.49 c | 0.87 a | 0.79 ab | 0.64 bc | 0.63 bc | 0.77 ab | 0.03 | <0.01 |
Urease (µg/min/mL) | 2.63 a | 2.15 abc | 2.31 ab | 1.36 d | 1.68 cd | 1.85 bcd | 0.09 | <0.01 |
Protease (µg/min/mL) | 14.81 a | 10.12 ab | 9.34 b | 12.27 ab | 10.54 ab | 13.84 ab | 0.69 | <0.01 |
Xylanase (nmol/min/mL) | 131.68 c | 183.26 bc | 250.43 ab | 311.81 a | 214.75 b | 221.89 b | 12.20 | <0.01 |
Amylase (mg/min/mL) | 0.57 cd | 1.10 ab | 0.31 d | 0.85 bc | 0.48 bc | 1.47 a | 0.17 | <0.01 |
Lipase (nmol/min/mL) | 101.49 c | 145.07 a | 117.48 bc | 113.65 bc | 114.30 bc | 127.25 ab | 3.15 | <0.01 |
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Hao, Y.; Gong, Y.; Huang, S.; Ji, S.; Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Yang, H.; Cao, Z.; Li, S. Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081788
Hao Y, Gong Y, Huang S, Ji S, Wang W, Wang Y, Yang H, Cao Z, Li S. Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(8):1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081788
Chicago/Turabian StyleHao, Yangyi, Yue Gong, Shuai Huang, Shoukun Ji, Wei Wang, Yajing Wang, Hongjian Yang, Zhijun Cao, and Shengli Li. 2021. "Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle" Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081788