Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Data Collection and Laboratory Methods
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | HIV Positive T. whipplei Negative, n = 853 (94.15%) | HIV Positive T. whipplei Positive, n = 53 (5.85%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | Age in years ± SD | 40.5 ± 9.5 | 38.5 ± 7.9 | 0.127 |
Female, n (%) | 643 (75.38) | 42 (79.25) | 0.638 | |
Socioeconomic parameters | Access to tap water, n (%) | 449 (52.64) | 29 (54.72) | 0.879 |
Electricity in household, n (%) | 792 (92.85) | 49 (92.45) | 0.787 | |
Television in household, n (%) | 689 (80.77) | 42 (79.25) | 0.925 | |
Refrigerator in household, n (%) | 603 (70.69) | 34 (64.15) | 0.392 | |
Owning a car, n (%) | 80 (9.38) | 4 (7.55) | 0.810 | |
Clinical symptoms during the last six months | Any acute or chronic cough, n (%) | 100 (11.74) | 3 (5.66) | 0.262 |
Any acute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, n (%) | 105 (12.32) | 4 (7.55) | 0.387 | |
Any acute or chronic fever, n (%) | 84 (9.86) | 2 (3.77) | 0.222 | |
Weigh loss during last six months, n (%) | 201 (23.59) | 6 (11.32) | 0.058 | |
Any acute or chronic symptoms of the above, n (%) | 265 (31.10) | 10 (18.87) | 0.084 |
Variable | HIV Positive T. whipplei Negative, Median (IQR) | HIV Positive T. whipplei Positive, Median (IQR) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Viral load, log10 copies/ml | 4.0 (1.6–5.3) | 1.6 (0.0–3.3) | <0.001 |
CD4+ T-cell count/µL | 396.0 (184.0–632.5) | 525.0 (371.0–654.5) | 0.007 |
CD8+ T-cell count/µL | 960.0 (637.0–1381.0) | 1034.0 (588.5–1220.0) | 0.763 |
CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.020 |
HLA-DR+CD38+CD4+ (%) | 18.4 (10.4–32.8) | 11.2 (7.3–19.7) | 0.009 |
HLA-DR+CD38+CD8+ (%) | 42.3 (27.5–55.7) | 29.1 (22.7–40.5) | 0.006 |
CD57+CD4+ (%) | 16.4 (9.4–27.6) | 13.9 (9.8–26.2) | 0.788 |
CD57+CD8+ (%) | 49.0 (38.9–60.3) | 54.6 (44.8–68.5) | 0.046 |
PD-1+CD4+ (%) | 34.5 (23.8–49.5) | 32.8 (22.3–46.3) | 0.602 |
PD-1+CD8+ (%) | 31.6 (19.9–43.6) | 20.7 (14.9–40.3) | 0.074 |
Ki67+CD4+ (%) | 13.0 (6.9–27.2) | 9.3 (7.9–11.6) | 0.076 |
Ki67+CD8+ (%) | 10.2 (6.0–17.5) | 8.4 (6.2–16.8) | 0.834 |
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Eberhardt, K.A.; Sarfo, F.S.; Klupp, E.-M.; Dompreh, A.; Di Cristanziano, V.; Osei Kuffour, E.; Boateng, R.; Norman, B.; Phillips, R.O.; Aepfelbacher, M.; et al. Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1781. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081781
Eberhardt KA, Sarfo FS, Klupp E-M, Dompreh A, Di Cristanziano V, Osei Kuffour E, Boateng R, Norman B, Phillips RO, Aepfelbacher M, et al. Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(8):1781. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081781
Chicago/Turabian StyleEberhardt, Kirsten Alexandra, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Eva-Maria Klupp, Albert Dompreh, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Edmund Osei Kuffour, Richard Boateng, Betty Norman, Richard Odame Phillips, Martin Aepfelbacher, and et al. 2021. "Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana" Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1781. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081781
APA StyleEberhardt, K. A., Sarfo, F. S., Klupp, E. -M., Dompreh, A., Di Cristanziano, V., Osei Kuffour, E., Boateng, R., Norman, B., Phillips, R. O., Aepfelbacher, M., & Feldt, T. (2021). Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana. Microorganisms, 9(8), 1781. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081781