Plants Specifically Modulate the Microbiome of Root-Lesion Nematodes in the Rhizosphere, Affecting Their Fitness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Nematodes
2.2. Experimental Design: Microbiome Associated with RLN as Affected by Plant Species
2.2.1. Preparation of Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil Suspensions
2.2.2. Baiting of Soil Microbes Attaching to the Cuticle of P. penetrans
2.2.3. Denaturing Gradient Gelelectrophoresis (DGGE) Profiling of Nematode-Attached Microbiomes
2.2.4. Characterization of Bacterial Isolates
2.3. Biological Effects of the Nematode-Attached Microbiome
2.4. Effects of Root Exudates on Microbial Attachment to Nematodes
2.5. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Rhizosphere Fungi Attaching to P. penetrans Depended on Plant Species
3.2. Rhizosphere Bacteria Attaching to P. penetrans Depended on Plant Species
3.3. Isolation and Characterization of Cuticle-Attached Bacteria
3.4. Effect of Cuticle-Attached Microbiomes on the Mortality of P. penetrans
3.5. Effect of Cuticle-Attached Bacterial Isolates on the Mortality of P. penetrans
3.6. Effects of Root Exudates on the Attachment of Bacteria
4. Discussion
4.1. Plants Govern the Microbiome Associated with the Cuticle of P. penetrans in the Rhizosphere
4.2. Effects of Nematode-Attached Microbiome on Nematode Fitness
4.3. Role of Root Exudates in Microbial Attachment and Suppression of P. penetrans
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolate | Source | Most Similar Sequence, Accession No. | Identity |
---|---|---|---|
i.1 | Bulk soil | Streptomyces violaceoruber, NR_112292.1 | 99% |
i.3 | Bulk soil | Streptomyces atratus, NR_043490.1 | 100% |
i.4 | Bulk soil | Bacillus marisflavi, NR_118437.1 | 99% |
i.7 | Bulk soil | Nocardia coeliaca, NR_104776.1 | 99% |
i.9 | Bulk soil | Mycobacterium madagascariense, NR_104690.1 | 99% |
i.13 | Bulk soil | Microbacterium maritypicum, NR_114986.1 | 99% |
i.14 | Bulk soil | Microbacterium mangrovi, NR_126283.1 | 99% |
i.16 | Bulk soil | Delftia tsuruhatensis, NR_113870.1 | 99% |
i.17 | Bulk soil | Lysobacter capsici, NR_044250.1 | 100% |
i.23 | Maize rhizosphere | Novosphingobium aquaticum, NR_148323.1 | 99% |
i.24 | Maize rhizosphere | Bacillus cereus, NR_074540.1 | 99% |
i.26 | Maize rhizosphere | Pedobacter borealis, NR_044381.1 | 99% |
i.27 | Maize rhizosphere | Pseudomonas protegens, NR_114749.1 | 99% |
i.35 | Soybean rhizosphere | Bacillus megaterium, NR_116873.1 | 100% |
i.37 | Soybean rhizosphere | Alcaligenes faecalis, NR_113606.1 | 99% |
i.42 | Soybean rhizosphere | Rhizobium nepotum, NR_117203.1 | 99% |
i.47 | Soybean rhizosphere | Bacillus megaterium, NR_116873.1 | 99% |
i.50 | Soybean rhizosphere | Mycobacterium chubuense, NR_041902.1 | 99% |
i.55 | Soybean rhizosphere | Bacillus aryabhattai, NR_115953.1, | 100% |
i.63 | Tomato rhizosphere | Staphylococcus capitis, NR_113348.1 | 100% |
Sources of Soil Suspensions for Pairwise Comparison of DGGE Fingerprints of Nematode-Attached Bacteria or Fungi | Dissimilarity (%) a | ||
---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | Fungi | ||
Experiment (1) | Bulk soil vs. maize rhizosphere | 23 | 62 |
Bulk soil vs. tomato rhizosphere | 35 | 88 | |
Bulk soil vs. soybean rhizosphere | 40 | 65 | |
Maize vs. tomato rhizosphere | 43 | 87 | |
Maize vs. soybean rhizosphere | 51 | 43 | |
Soybean vs. tomato rhizosphere | 68 | 57 | |
Experiment (2) | Bulk soil vs. maize rhizosphere | 34 | 14 |
Bulk soil vs. oat rhizosphere | 31 | 28 | |
Bulk soil vs. Ethiopian mustard rhizosphere | 12 | 10 | |
Maize vs. oat rhizosphere | 29 | 29 | |
Maize vs. Ethiopian mustard rhizosphere | 36 | 17 | |
Oat vs. Ethiopian mustard rhizosphere | 22 | 3 |
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Elhady, A.; Topalović, O.; Heuer, H. Plants Specifically Modulate the Microbiome of Root-Lesion Nematodes in the Rhizosphere, Affecting Their Fitness. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040679
Elhady A, Topalović O, Heuer H. Plants Specifically Modulate the Microbiome of Root-Lesion Nematodes in the Rhizosphere, Affecting Their Fitness. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(4):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040679
Chicago/Turabian StyleElhady, Ahmed, Olivera Topalović, and Holger Heuer. 2021. "Plants Specifically Modulate the Microbiome of Root-Lesion Nematodes in the Rhizosphere, Affecting Their Fitness" Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040679