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Volume 9
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10.3390/microorganisms9020372
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Article

Investigation of Commensal Escherichia coli Populations of Cormorant Hatchlings in the Absence of Anthropogenic Impacts in Remote Areas of West Mongolia

by
Muhammad Moman Khan
1,
Rafal Kolenda
2,
Peter Schierack
1,3,
Jörg Weinreich
1,
Stefan Rödiger
1,3,
Jakob Schierack
4,
Michael Stubbe
5,
Davaa Lkhagvasuren
6,
Sebastian Guenther
7 and
Katharina Schaufler
8,*
1
Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
2
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
3
Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
4
Lessing Gymnasium, 02977 Hoyerswerda, Germany
5
Gesellschaft für Wildtier- und Jagdforschung e.V., 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
6
Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
7
Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
8
Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2021, 9(2), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020372
Submission received: 29 January 2021 / Revised: 9 February 2021 / Accepted: 10 February 2021 / Published: 12 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)
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Abstract

To increase our understanding of bacterial intestinal colonization in animal populations lacking substantial anthropogenic influence we studied the diversity of E. coli in cormorants from the pristine West-Mongolian steppe. E. coli were isolated from individual birds of two cormorant colonies located on small islands in lakes at least 100 km away from human settlements. Diversity of the isolates was studied using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). 137 isolates of cormorant colony-1 and 75 isolates of cormorant colony-2 resulted in 60 and 33 PFGE types, respectively. Representative strains of each PFGE type were analyzed via PCR in terms of phylogroups and extraintestinal virulence-associated genes (exVAGs). Bacterial adhesion to the chicken intestinal cell line CHIC-8E11 and antimicrobial resistance was also determined. Most isolates belonged to phylogroup B1 (68.3%) followed by B2 and E with B2 harboring the highest total number of exVAGs per isolate. Unexpectedly, a PFGE type with relatively few exVAGs displayed the highest isolation frequency, also showing a high adhesion rate. Comparative analysis of exVAGs to other E. coli populations of wildlife origin revealed that the secreted autotransporter toxin encoding sat gene was only present in cormorants. Overall, E. coli in cormorants maintained a high diversity under minimal anthropogenic influences, which likely enables intestinal colonization.
Keywords: adhesion; antibiotic resistance; commensal; cormorants; E. coli; virulence adhesion; antibiotic resistance; commensal; cormorants; E. coli; virulence

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MDPI and ACS Style

Khan, M.M.; Kolenda, R.; Schierack, P.; Weinreich, J.; Rödiger, S.; Schierack, J.; Stubbe, M.; Lkhagvasuren, D.; Guenther, S.; Schaufler, K. Investigation of Commensal Escherichia coli Populations of Cormorant Hatchlings in the Absence of Anthropogenic Impacts in Remote Areas of West Mongolia. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020372

AMA Style

Khan MM, Kolenda R, Schierack P, Weinreich J, Rödiger S, Schierack J, Stubbe M, Lkhagvasuren D, Guenther S, Schaufler K. Investigation of Commensal Escherichia coli Populations of Cormorant Hatchlings in the Absence of Anthropogenic Impacts in Remote Areas of West Mongolia. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(2):372. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020372

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khan, Muhammad Moman, Rafal Kolenda, Peter Schierack, Jörg Weinreich, Stefan Rödiger, Jakob Schierack, Michael Stubbe, Davaa Lkhagvasuren, Sebastian Guenther, and Katharina Schaufler. 2021. "Investigation of Commensal Escherichia coli Populations of Cormorant Hatchlings in the Absence of Anthropogenic Impacts in Remote Areas of West Mongolia" Microorganisms 9, no. 2: 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020372

APA Style

Khan, M. M., Kolenda, R., Schierack, P., Weinreich, J., Rödiger, S., Schierack, J., Stubbe, M., Lkhagvasuren, D., Guenther, S., & Schaufler, K. (2021). Investigation of Commensal Escherichia coli Populations of Cormorant Hatchlings in the Absence of Anthropogenic Impacts in Remote Areas of West Mongolia. Microorganisms, 9(2), 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020372

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