Influence of Sampling Site and other Environmental Factors on the Bacterial Community Composition of Domestic Washing Machines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Factors that may Influence Bacterial Diversity in Washing Machines
2.3. DNA-Extraction
2.4. PCR and Clean Up
2.5. Pyrosequencing
2.6. Bioinformatic and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. General Bacterial Community Composition
3.2. Site-Dependent Bacterial Community Composition
3.3. Effect of Environmental Factors on Community Composition
4. Discussion
4.1. The structure of the Bacterial Community Differs between Various Sampling Sites
4.2. Factors Influencing Bacterial Community Composition
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sampling Site | Relative Abundance (%) | SD | Positive Samples | OTU-ID | SILVA Genus | Top-hit taxon EzBioCloud | EzBioCloud Accession Number | Similarity (%) | Completeness (%) | RG (TRBA) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Door seal | 12.1 | 14.8 | 11 | denovo7218 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. oleovorans | NIUB01000072 | 100.00 | 33.3 | 1 |
10.1 | 13.3 | 11 | denovo5159 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. oleovorans | NIUB01000072 | 100.00 | 33.2 | 1 | |
7.2 | 14.6 | 8 | denovo7377 | Acinetobacter | JF232448_s | JF232448 | 98.97 | 33.3 | - | |
6.0 | 11.2 | 9 | denovo6937 | Enhydrobacter | Moraxella osloensis | APQL01000005 | 100.00 | 33.6 | 2 | |
4.1 | 13.5 | 2 | denovo3157 | Acinetobacter | Acinetobacter beijerinckii | APQL01000005 | 99.38 | 33.3 | 2 | |
3.8 | 6.7 | 7 | denovo301 | Enhydrobacter | Moraxella osloensis | CP014234 | 100.00 | 33.1 | 2 | |
3.6 | 8.3 | 7 | denovo6136 | Acinetobacter | Acinetobacter parvus | AIEB01000124 | 100.00 | 33.4 | 2 | |
3.4 | 8.9 | 5 | denovo4753 | Acinetobacter | Acinetobacter parvus | AIEB01000124 | 100.00 | 33.3 | 2 | |
3.1 | 7.3 | 5 | denovo3836 | Acidovorax | Acidovorax radicis | AFBG01000030 | 99.59 | 33.2 | 1 | |
2.7 | 5.9 | 7 | denovo3896 | - | Rhizobium rosettiformans | EU781656 | 98.91 | 32.6 | 1 | |
Detergent drawer | 2.5 | 6.6 | 4 | denovo7377 | Acinetobacter | JF232448_s | JF232448 | 98.97 | 33.3 | - |
2.3 | 4.3 | 10 | denovo15 | Brevundimonas | Brevundimonas vesicularis | BCWM01000033 | 98.48 | 33.5 | 2 | |
2.1 | 4.5 | 4 | denovo8752 | - | Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana | AF273082 | 100.00 | 33.5 | 1 | |
1.9 | 7.0 | 1 | denovo6661 | uncultured | HQ856368_s | HQ856368 | 100.00 | 32.4 | - | |
1.9 | 5.3 | 3 | denovo1071 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | BAMA01000316 | 99.00 | 34.2 | 2 | |
1.9 | 5.7 | 6 | denovo5179 | - | Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana | AF273082 | 99.20 | 34.6 | 1 | |
1.7 | 3.9 | 5 | denovo7389 | Rhizobium | Rhizobium radiobacter | AJ389904 | 98.47 | 32.8 | 1 | |
1.5 | 3.3 | 7 | denovo2452 | Brevundimonas | Brevundimonas vesicularis | BCWM01000033 | 100.00 | 31.4 | 2 | |
1.4 | 3.1 | 4 | denovo8373 | Aureimonas | Aureimonas altamirensis | BBWQ01000019 | 98.26 | 33.0 | 1 | |
1.4 | 4.9 | 1 | denovo5170 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas avellanae | AKBS01001374 | 100.00 | 33.4 | 1 | |
Sump | 20.1 | 14.0 | 12 | denovo7218 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. oleovorans | NIUB01000072 | 100.00 | 33.3 | 1 |
17.0 | 11.8 | 12 | denovo5159 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. oleovorans | NIUB01000072 | 100.00 | 33.2 | 1 | |
4.7 | 9.0 | 5 | denovo3836 | Acidovorax | Acidovorax radicis | AFBG01000030 | 99.59 | 33.2 | 1 | |
2.6 | 5.0 | 5 | denovo2699 | Citrobacter | Citrobacter freundii | AJ233408 | 99.80 | 33.5 | 2 | |
2.3 | 3.0 | 8 | denovo4149 | - | Diaphorobacter nitroreducens | AB064317 | 99.59 | 33.3 | 1 | |
1.5 | 2.4 | 5 | denovo7180 | - | Diaphorobacter nitroreducens | AB064317 | 97.96 | 34.2 | 1 | |
1.5 | 2.9 | 6 | denovo6937 | Enhydrobacter | Moraxella osloensis | CP014234 | 100.00 | 33.6 | 2 | |
1.4 | 4.1 | 5 | denovo213 | Ochrobactrum | Ochrobactrum anthropi | CP000758 | 100.00 | 30.7 | 2 | |
1.2 | 2.6 | 5 | denovo301 | Enhydrobacter | Moraxella osloensis | CP014234 | 100.00 | 33.1 | 2 | |
1.2 | 2.0 | 4 | denovo6665 | - | Kosakonia sacchari | CP007215 | 99.80 | 33.4 | - | |
Fibres (Washing solution) | 10.7 | 12.7 | 9 | denovo7218 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. oleovorans | NIUB01000072 | 100.00 | 33.3 | 1 |
10.3 | 12.4 | 10 | denovo5159 | Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas oleovorans subsp. oleovorans | NIUB01000072 | 100.00 | 33.2 | 1 | |
5.4 | 9.3 | 8 | denovo7377 | Acinetobacter | JF232448_s | JF232448 | 98.97 | 33.3 | - | |
3.0 | 3.9 | 9 | denovo301 | Enhydrobacter | Moraxella osloensis | CP014234 | 100.00 | 33.1 | 2 | |
2.9 | 4.9 | 5 | denovo7076 | Micrococcus | Micrococcus aloeverae | KF524364 | 100.00 | 32.3 | - | |
2.4 | 3.4 | 9 | denovo2637 | Acinetobacter | Acinetobacter johnsonii | APON01000005 | 98.97 | 33.4 | 2 | |
2.4 | 2.6 | 8 | denovo6937 | Enhydrobacter | Moraxella osloensis | CP014234 | 100.00 | 33.6 | 2 | |
2.1 | 3.7 | 6 | denovo1609 | Chryseobacterium | Chryseobacterium hominis | jgi.1096633 | 99.00 | 34.7 | 2 | |
2.0 | 6.9 | 1 | denovo5400 | Acinetobacter | Acinetobacter junii | APPX01000010 | 98.96 | 33.0 | 2 | |
1.8 | 2.7 | 7 | denovo2396 | Chryseobacterium | Chryseobacterium hominis | jgi.1096633 | 99.79 | 33.4 | 2 |
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Influencing Factor | Levels | n | Observed | Chao1 | Shannon | Simpson | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |||
Site | Door seal | 13 | 44.54 | 15.50 | 22.00 | 77.00 | 85.44 | 46.88 | 25.00 | 189.80 | 2.57 | 0.63 | 1.88 | 3.59 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.96 |
Detergent drawer | 13 | 73.77 | 18.49 | 46.00 | 103.00 | 141.64 | 51.03 | 48.15 | 246.00 | 3.56 | 0.46 | 2.87 | 4.24 | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.89 | 0.98 | |
Sump | 12 | 53.08 | 16.47 | 25.00 | 74.00 | 90.37 | 33.98 | 34.17 | 154.09 | 2.89 | 0.66 | 1.77 | 3.59 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 0.71 | 0.95 | |
Fibres (washing solution) | 12 | 66.08 | 14.08 | 44.00 | 83.00 | 129.83 | 48.74 | 60.62 | 216.00 | 3.22 | 0.50 | 2.08 | 3.81 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.96 | |
Age | 0 - 10 years | 34 | 58.85 | 20.96 | 22.00 | 103.00 | 113.79 | 55.82 | 25.00 | 246.00 | 3.03 | 0.73 | 1.83 | 4.24 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.98 |
11 -20 years | 16 | 60.44 | 16.74 | 25.00 | 97.00 | 107.85 | 39.38 | 34.17 | 171.88 | 3.14 | 0.53 | 1.77 | 4.07 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.97 | |
Smell | Yes | 10 | 62.44 | 20.70 | 28.00 | 97.00 | 123.02 | 54.57 | 32.00 | 216.00 | 3.11 | 0.72 | 1.83 | 4.24 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 0.98 |
No | 40 | 58.80 | 17.31 | 32.00 | 97.00 | 105.52 | 40.28 | 49.50 | 156.91 | 3.13 | 0.58 | 1.97 | 4.07 | 0.90 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.97 | |
Standard wash cycles per month ≥60 °C | 1 - 5 cycles | 18 | 51.56 | 18.10 | 22.00 | 83.00 | 93.69 | 50.01 | 25.00 | 216.00 | 2.77 | 0.61 | 1.83 | 3.69 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.94 |
6 -10 cycles | 32 | 63.75 | 19.21 | 25.00 | 103.00 | 122.13 | 49.07 | 34.17 | 246.00 | 3.23 | 0.65 | 1.77 | 4.24 | 0.90 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.98 | |
Regular Cleaning | Yes | 20 | 62.95 | 20.69 | 25.00 | 97.00 | 118.60 | 49.36 | 32.00 | 216.00 | 3.14 | 0.70 | 1.77 | 4.24 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.98 |
No | 30 | 56.97 | 18.72 | 22.00 | 103.00 | 107.41 | 52.09 | 25.00 | 246.00 | 3.01 | 0.65 | 1.97 | 4.10 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.97 | |
Softener | Yes | 16 | 62.44 | 20.70 | 28.00 | 97.00 | 123.02 | 54.57 | 32.00 | 216.00 | 3.11 | 0.72 | 1.83 | 4.24 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 0.98 |
No | 34 | 57.91 | 19.12 | 22.00 | 103.00 | 106.65 | 48.89 | 25.00 | 246.00 | 3.04 | 0.65 | 1.77 | 4.10 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.97 | |
Detergent | Liquid | 18 | 57.78 | 13.61 | 32.00 | 85.00 | 109.06 | 37.93 | 49.50 | 171.88 | 3.03 | 0.54 | 1.97 | 4.03 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.97 |
Powder | 32 | 60.25 | 22.36 | 22.00 | 103.00 | 113.48 | 57.30 | 25.00 | 246.00 | 3.08 | 0.74 | 1.77 | 4.24 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.71 | 0.98 |
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Jacksch, S.; Kaiser, D.; Weis, S.; Weide, M.; Ratering, S.; Schnell, S.; Egert, M. Influence of Sampling Site and other Environmental Factors on the Bacterial Community Composition of Domestic Washing Machines. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010030
Jacksch S, Kaiser D, Weis S, Weide M, Ratering S, Schnell S, Egert M. Influence of Sampling Site and other Environmental Factors on the Bacterial Community Composition of Domestic Washing Machines. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010030
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacksch, Susanne, Dominik Kaiser, Severin Weis, Mirko Weide, Stefan Ratering, Sylvia Schnell, and Markus Egert. 2020. "Influence of Sampling Site and other Environmental Factors on the Bacterial Community Composition of Domestic Washing Machines" Microorganisms 8, no. 1: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010030