Fungal and Bacterial Communities Exhibit Consistent Responses to Reversal of Soil Acidification and Phosphorus Limitation over Time
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Soil Sampling
2.4. DNA Extraction
2.5. PCR
2.6. 454 Sequencing
2.7. Sequence Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bacterial Community Structure
3.2. Fungal Community Structure
4. Discussion
4.1. Fungal Community Response to pH Treatment
4.2. Bacterial Community Response to pH Treatment
4.3. Microbial Community Response to P Treatment
4.4. Summary
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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df† | SS† | Mean Sqs† | F-Value | R2 | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 3.99 | 0.048 | <0.001 |
P | 1 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.98 | 0.012 | 0.26 |
Time | 4 | 3.46 | 0.87 | 6.78 | 0.33 | <0.001 |
pH:P | 1 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.17 | 0.014 | 0.14 |
pH:Time | 4 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 1.10 | 0.053 | 0.098 |
P:Time | 4 | 0.33 | 0.083 | 0.65 | 0.032 | 0.97 |
pH:P:Time | 4 | 0.34 | 0.085 | 0.67 | 0.032 | 0.96 |
Residuals | 80 | 5.11 | 0.13 | 0.48 | ||
Total | 119 | 10.60 | 1 |
df† | SS† | Mean Sqs† | F-Value | R2 | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 1.53 | 0.025 | <0.001 |
P | 1 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.87 | 0.014 | 0.27 |
Time | 4 | 3.32 | 0.83 | 2.59 | 0.17 | <0.001 |
pH:P | 1 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.76 | 0.012 | 0.67 |
pH:Time | 4 | 0.94 | 0.23 | 0.73 | 0.047 | 0.94 |
P:Time | 4 | 0.86 | 0.21 | 0.67 | 0.043 | 1.00 |
pH:P:Time | 4 | 0.82 | 0.20 | 0.64 | 0.041 | 0.99 |
Residuals | 40 | 12.82 | 0.32 | 0.65 | ||
Total | 59 | 19.77 | 1 |
numDF† | denDF† | F-Value | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saprotroph | ||||
pH | 1 | 38 | 0.47 | 0.50 |
P | 1 | 38 | 0.019 | 0.89 |
Time | 4 | 38 | 6.57 | <0.01 |
pH:P | 1 | 38 | 5.02 | 0.031 |
pH:Time | 4 | 38 | 2.56 | 0.054 |
P:Time | 4 | 38 | 0.096 | 0.98 |
pH:P:Time | 4 | 38 | 1.38 | 0.26 |
Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi | ||||
pH | 1 | 37 | 0.012 | 0.91 |
P | 1 | 37 | 0.70 | 0.41 |
Time | 4 | 37 | 0.75 | 0.56 |
pH:P | 1 | 37 | 4.71 | 0.036 |
pH:Time | 4 | 37 | 0.32 | 0.86 |
P:Time | 4 | 37 | 0.26 | 0.90 |
pH:P:Time | 4 | 37 | 0.90 | 0.47 |
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi | ||||
pH | 1 | 38 | 0.23 | 0.64 |
P | 1 | 38 | 0.80 | 0.38 |
Time | 4 | 38 | 1.46 | 0.23 |
pH:P | 1 | 38 | 0.026 | 0.87 |
pH:Time | 4 | 38 | 0.15 | 0.96 |
P:Time | 4 | 38 | 1.41 | 0.25 |
pH:P:Time | 4 | 38 | 0.67 | 0.62 |
Pathogen | ||||
pH | 1 | 36 | 0.0013 | 0.97 |
P | 1 | 36 | 0.85 | 0.36 |
Time | 4 | 36 | 1.49 | 0.23 |
pH:P | 1 | 36 | 2.24 | 0.14 |
pH:Time | 4 | 36 | 0.41 | 0.80 |
P:Time | 4 | 36 | 2.21 | 0.087 |
pH:P:Time | 4 | 36 | 0.77 | 0.55 |
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R. Carrino-Kyker, S.; P. Coyle, K.; A. Kluber, L.; J. Burke, D. Fungal and Bacterial Communities Exhibit Consistent Responses to Reversal of Soil Acidification and Phosphorus Limitation over Time. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010001
R. Carrino-Kyker S, P. Coyle K, A. Kluber L, J. Burke D. Fungal and Bacterial Communities Exhibit Consistent Responses to Reversal of Soil Acidification and Phosphorus Limitation over Time. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Carrino-Kyker, Sarah, Kaitlin P. Coyle, Laurel A. Kluber, and David J. Burke. 2020. "Fungal and Bacterial Communities Exhibit Consistent Responses to Reversal of Soil Acidification and Phosphorus Limitation over Time" Microorganisms 8, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010001