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Microorganisms
Volume 14
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10.3390/microorganisms14010092
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Article

Repercussions of Symbiotic Bacteria Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles on Immune Responses at Root-Knot Nematode Suppression

by
Rehab Y. Ghareeb
1,*,
Shawky M. Eid
2,
Hanan Alfy
3 and
Mohamed H. Elsheikh
4
1
Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
2
Top Chemicals Company for Pesticides, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
3
Field Crop Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
4
Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010092
Submission received: 13 November 2025 / Revised: 26 December 2025 / Accepted: 27 December 2025 / Published: 31 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silver Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents)
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Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the Meloidogyne genus impact various plants, including crops, fruits, and vegetables. Few chemical control options exist globally, and many nematicides are banned due to health and environmental risks. This study tested a new nematicidal agent, the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus indica, which was molecularly identified (PV845100). Cell-free culture supernatants of Xenorhabdus spp. and their biogenic Ag-NPs were used in nematicidal assays. Meloidogyne incognita showed high mortality rates of 95.3%, 74.6%, and 72.6% after 72 h of treatment with the X. indica filtrate at three concentrations. At the same concentrations, biogenic Ag-NPs resulted in 82.0%, 90.0%, and 85.3% mortality rates, respectively. After 72 h, hatchability decreased by 53%, 74.6%, and 72.6% for the X. indica filtrate and 82.0%, 90.0%, and 85.3% for Ag-NPs. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) revealed that Mi-Ache1 expression was lower in M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2s) treated with the filtrate and Ag-NPs after 72 h compared to controls. Mi-Ache2 expression was also decreased, but only slightly. Furthermore, both the X. indica filtrate and biogenic Ag-NPs were safe in human lung (WI-38) and skin (HFB4) cell lines. These findings suggest that bacterial filtrates and their biogenic Ag-NPs could serve as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to commercial nematicides.
Keywords: root-knot nematodes; acetylcholine esterase genes; Q-PCR; eco-friendly nematicide; biogenic nanoparticles root-knot nematodes; acetylcholine esterase genes; Q-PCR; eco-friendly nematicide; biogenic nanoparticles

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ghareeb, R.Y.; Eid, S.M.; Alfy, H.; Elsheikh, M.H. Repercussions of Symbiotic Bacteria Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles on Immune Responses at Root-Knot Nematode Suppression. Microorganisms 2026, 14, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010092

AMA Style

Ghareeb RY, Eid SM, Alfy H, Elsheikh MH. Repercussions of Symbiotic Bacteria Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles on Immune Responses at Root-Knot Nematode Suppression. Microorganisms. 2026; 14(1):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010092

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghareeb, Rehab Y., Shawky M. Eid, Hanan Alfy, and Mohamed H. Elsheikh. 2026. "Repercussions of Symbiotic Bacteria Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles on Immune Responses at Root-Knot Nematode Suppression" Microorganisms 14, no. 1: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010092

APA Style

Ghareeb, R. Y., Eid, S. M., Alfy, H., & Elsheikh, M. H. (2026). Repercussions of Symbiotic Bacteria Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles on Immune Responses at Root-Knot Nematode Suppression. Microorganisms, 14(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010092

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