Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis Using an Intelligent Microscopy Scanner and Image Recognition Model for Improved Acid-Fast Bacilli Detection in Smears

Microscopic examination of acid-fast mycobacterial bacilli (AFB) in sputum smears remains the most economical and readily available method for laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, this conventional approach is low in sensitivity and labor-intensive. An automated microscopy system incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning for AFB identification was evaluated. The study was conducted at an infectious disease hospital in Jiangsu Province, China, utilizing an intelligent microscope system. A total of 1000 sputum smears were included in the study, with the system capturing digital microscopic images and employing an image recognition model to automatically identify and classify AFBs. Referee technicians served as the gold standard for discrepant results. The automated system demonstrated an overall accuracy of 96.70% (967/1000), sensitivity of 91.94% (194/211), specificity of 97.97% (773/789), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.85% (773/790) at a prevalence of 21.1% (211/1000). Incorporating AI and machine learning into an automated microscopy system demonstrated the potential to enhance the sensitivity and efficiency of AFB detection in sputum smears compared to conventional manual microscopy. This approach holds promise for widespread application in TB diagnostics and potentially other fields requiring labor-intensive microscopic examination.