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Review

The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases

by
Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
1,
Alessandra Sottini
2,
Pier Giorgio Natali
3 and
Luisa Imberti
4,*
1
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST- Spedali Civili and DSCS- University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
2
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Services Department, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
3
Mediterranean Task Force for Cancer Control (MTCC), Via Pizzo Bernina, 14, 00141 Rome, Italy
4
Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, P. le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040775
Submission received: 1 March 2024 / Revised: 22 March 2024 / Accepted: 9 April 2024 / Published: 11 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology and Immunology)

Abstract

Immune system aging is becoming a field of increasing public health interest because of prolonged life expectancy, which is not paralleled by an increase in health expectancy. As age progresses, innate and adaptive immune systems undergo changes, which are defined, respectively, as inflammaging and immune senescence. A wealth of available data demonstrates that these two conditions are closely linked, leading to a greater vulnerability of elderly subjects to viral, bacterial, and opportunistic infections as well as lower post-vaccination protection. To face this novel scenario, an in-depth assessment of the immune players involved in this changing epidemiology is demanded regarding the individual and concerted involvement of immune cells and mediators within endogenous and exogenous factors and co-morbidities. This review provides an overall updated description of the changes affecting the aging immune system, which may be of help in understanding the underlying mechanisms associated with the main age-associated infectious diseases.
Keywords: aging; infectious disease; immunosenescence; inflammaging; vaccination aging; infectious disease; immunosenescence; inflammaging; vaccination

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Quiros-Roldan, E.; Sottini, A.; Natali, P.G.; Imberti, L. The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040775

AMA Style

Quiros-Roldan E, Sottini A, Natali PG, Imberti L. The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(4):775. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040775

Chicago/Turabian Style

Quiros-Roldan, Eugenia, Alessandra Sottini, Pier Giorgio Natali, and Luisa Imberti. 2024. "The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases" Microorganisms 12, no. 4: 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040775

APA Style

Quiros-Roldan, E., Sottini, A., Natali, P. G., & Imberti, L. (2024). The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms, 12(4), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040775

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