Seroprevalence of the Hepatitis E Virus in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Communities from the Brazilian Amazon Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Population
2.2. Blood Sample Collection
2.3. Serological Analysis
2.4. Ethical Approval
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anti-HEV Detection
3.2. Odds Ratio and Adjusted Odds Ratio
3.3. Multivariate Logistic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Urban | Rural | Indigenous | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 101 | n = 282 | n = 428 | ||||
Pos/n (%) | p | Pos/n (%) | p | Pos/n (%) | p | |
HEV | 3/101 (3.0) | 40/282 (14.2) | 12/428 (2.8) | |||
Sex | 0.575 | 0.33 | 0.009 | |||
Female | 2/42 (4.7) | 20/130 (15.38) | 2/246 (0.8) | |||
Male | 1/59 (1.7) | 18/149 (12.0) | 10/180 (5.5) | |||
Missing | - | 3 | 2 | |||
Age (years) | 0.397 | 0.011 | 0.162 | |||
[0–15] | 0/4 (0) | 6/76 (7.8) | 2/95 (2.1) | |||
[16–30] | 0/46 (0) | 9/64 (14.06) | 3/149(2.0) | |||
[31–45] | 2/30 (6.7) | 15/88 (17.0) | 1/89 (1.1) | |||
45+ | 1/21 (4.8) | 8/51 (15.7) | 6/89 (6.7) | |||
Missing | - | 3 | 6 | |||
Place of birth | 1 | 0.37 | ||||
Midwest | 0/2 (0.0) | 1/19 (5.2) | - | - | ||
Northeast | 0/7 (0.0) | 2/24 (8.3) | - | - | ||
North | 3/80 (3.7) | 23/173 (13.3) | 12/428 (2.8) | |||
Southeast | 0/5 (0.0) | 6/27 (22.2) | - | |||
South | 0/4 (0.0) | 5/33 (15.1) | - | |||
Missing | 3 | 6 | - | |||
Indigenous Village | 0.066 | |||||
Alapusi | - | - | 2/76 (2.6) | |||
Castanha/Ahima | - | - | 0/126 (0.0) | |||
Gasolina | - | - | 6/97 (6.2) | |||
Taibrapa | - | - | 4/117 (3.4) | |||
Occupation | 0.47 | 0.335 | ||||
Farmer | 0/4 (0.0) | 10/83 (12.0) | - | |||
Health worker | 2/20 (10.0) | 1/7 (14.2) | - | |||
Homemaker | 0/7 (0.0) | 11/56 (19.6) | - | |||
Other | 1/42 (2.4) | 1/24 (4.2) | 12/428 (2.8) | |||
Missing | 28 | 112 | - |
Anti-HEV Negative | Anti-HEV Positive | OR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.103 | |||
[0–15] | 167 (22.3%) | 8 (15.1%) | Ref. | |
[16–30] | 247 (33.0%) | 12 (22.6%) | 1.01 [0.40; 2.66] | |
[31–45] | 189 (25.2%) | 18 (34.0%) | 1.96 [0.85; 4.95] | |
45+ | 146 (19.5%) | 15 (28.3%) | 2.12 [0.89; 5.47] | |
Sex | 0.396 | |||
Female | 394 (52.3%) | 24 (45.3%) | Ref. | |
Male | 359 (47.7%) | 29 (54.7%) | 1.32 [0.76; 2.34] | |
Area of residence | <0.001 | |||
Urban | 98 (13.0%) | 3 (5.45%) | Ref. | |
Rural | 242 (32.0%) | 40 (72.7%) | 5.14 [1.81; 22.4] | |
Yanomami territory | 416 (55.0%) | 12 (21.8%) | 0.91 [0.28; 4.24] | |
Occupation | 0.10 | |||
Non-Farmer | 679 (89.8%) | 45 (81.8%) | Ref. | |
Farmer | 77 (10.2%) | 10 (18.2%) | 1.98 [0.90; 3.95] | |
Place of birth | 0.023 | |||
Non-North region | 107 (14.3%) | 14 (26.9%) | Ref. | |
North Region | 643 (85.7%) | 38 (73.1%) | 0.45 [0.24; 0.89] |
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Vasconcelos, M.P.A.; de Oliveira, J.M.; Sánchez-Arcila, J.C.; Faria, S.C.; Rodrigues, M.M.; Perce-da-Silva, D.; Rezende-Neto, J.; Pinto, M.A.; Maia-Herzog, M.; Banic, D.M.; et al. Seroprevalence of the Hepatitis E Virus in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Communities from the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020365
Vasconcelos MPA, de Oliveira JM, Sánchez-Arcila JC, Faria SC, Rodrigues MM, Perce-da-Silva D, Rezende-Neto J, Pinto MA, Maia-Herzog M, Banic DM, et al. Seroprevalence of the Hepatitis E Virus in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Communities from the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(2):365. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020365
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasconcelos, Mariana Pinheiro Alves, Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira, Juan Camilo Sánchez-Arcila, Sarah Castro Faria, Moreno Magalhães Rodrigues, Daiana Perce-da-Silva, Joffre Rezende-Neto, Marcelo Alves Pinto, Marilza Maia-Herzog, Dalma Maria Banic, and et al. 2024. "Seroprevalence of the Hepatitis E Virus in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Communities from the Brazilian Amazon Basin" Microorganisms 12, no. 2: 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020365
APA StyleVasconcelos, M. P. A., de Oliveira, J. M., Sánchez-Arcila, J. C., Faria, S. C., Rodrigues, M. M., Perce-da-Silva, D., Rezende-Neto, J., Pinto, M. A., Maia-Herzog, M., Banic, D. M., & Oliveira-Ferreira, J. (2024). Seroprevalence of the Hepatitis E Virus in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Communities from the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Microorganisms, 12(2), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020365